Definition and Examples of Cataphora in English Grammar

In English grammar, cataphora is the use of a pronoun or other linguistic unit to refer ahead to another word in a sentence (i.e., the referent). Adjective: cataphoric. Also known as  anticipatory anaphora, forward anaphora, cataphoric reference, or forward reference. Cataphora and anaphora are  the two main types of  endophora--that is, reference to an item within the text itself. Cataphora in English Grammar The word that gets its meaning from a subsequent word or phrase is called a cataphor. The subsequent word or phrase is called the antecedent, referent, or head. Anaphora vs. Cataphora Some linguists use anaphora as a generic term for both forward and backward reference. The term forward(s) anaphora is equivalent to cataphora.   Examples and Uses of Cataphora In the following examples, cataphors are in italics and their referents are in bold. Why do we envy him, the bankrupt man? (John Updike, Hugging the Shore, 1984)A few weeks before he died, my father gave me an old cigar box filled with faded letters.In The Pendulum Years, his history of the 1960s, Bernard Levin writes of the collective insanity which seized Britain. (The London Evening Standard, February 8, 1994, quoted by Katie Wales in Personal Pronouns in Present-Day English. Cambridge University Press, 1996)If she were alive today, [Barbara] Tuchman would surely be preparing to pen fresh furious pages tonight, as the president seeks to rally his faltering domestic popularity with summonses of support. (Martin Kettle, If He Resists the Siren Voice of Folly, Blairs Legacy Is Secure. The Guardian, June 25, 2005)You must remember this:A kiss is just a kiss,A sigh is just a sigh. (Herman Hupfeld, As Time Goes By, 1931)This, I now realize, was a very bad idea--suggesting we do whatever Terry Crews wants for the day. (Joel Stein, Crews Control. Time, September 22, 2014) It must have been tough on your mother, not having any children. (Ginger Rogers in 42nd Street, 1933)Too scared to buy before they sell, some homeowners aim for a trade.So I just want to say this to the Congress: An America that buys much more than they sell year in and year out is an America that is facing economic and military disaster. (Congressman James A. Traficant, Congressional Record--House, September 25, 1998)After she declared herself broken, betrayed, at bay, really low in another organ yesterday, Im not sure the Diary should even mention poor Bel Mooneys name. (The Guardian, August 9, 1994) Creating Suspense With Cataphora [Cataphora] is in evidence in the next example, which is typical of the opening sentences of books: Students (not unlike yourselves) compelled to buy paperback copies of his novels--notably the first, Travel Light, though there has lately been some academic interest in his more surreal and existential and perhaps even anarchist second novel, Brother Pig--or encountering some essay from When the Saints in a shiny heavy anthology of mid-century literature costing $12.50, imagine that Henry Bech, like thousands less famous than he, is rich. He is not.​[John Updike, Rich in Russia. Bech: A Book, 1970] Here we meet copies of his novels before we know who he is. It is only several lines later that the possessive adjective his links forward to the proper nouns Henry Bech in the text that comes after. As you can see, whereas anaphora refers back, cataphora refers forward. Here, it is a stylistic choice, to keep the reader in suspense as to who is being talked about. More usually, the noun that the pronoun links forward to follows soon after. (Joan Cutting, Pragmatics and Discourse: A Resource Book for Students. Routledge, 2002)Strategic Use of Cataphora [M]ore often than not, protypical cataphora is motivated by a planned or strategic delivery of a referent, such as in news-telling like the following: Listen to this--John won a lottery and got a million dollars! Prototypical cataphora thus is rarely associated with problems in lexical retrieval. (Makoto Hayashi and Kyung-Eun Yoon, Demonstratives in Interaction. Fillers, Pauses and Placeholders, ed. by Nino Amiridze, Boyd H. Davis, and Margaret Maclagan. John Benjamins, 2010) Cataphora and Style [S]ome prescriptive grammarians have gone so far as to condemn the practice [of cataphora], for reasons of clarity and, more blandly, good style. So H.W. Fowler declares the pronoun should rarely precede its principal, a view echoed by Gowers . . .. This has led to problems in terminology. The term antecedent, for example, is commonly used to refer to a coreferential NP in an anaphoric relation; there is no equivalent expression for the *postcedent NP, however. But by an odd semantic license, some grammarians, and of different schools of thought, use antecedent in this sense. (Katie Wales, Personal Pronouns in Present-Day English. Cambridge University Press, 1996) EtymologyFrom the Greek, backward carry Pronunciation: ke-TAF-eh-ra

The Museum Of Fine Art - 1022 Words

The Museum of Fine Art in Houston, Texas has a variety of art collections. To be precise, the canopic jar is mounted on a large pedestal among other sculptures. This Canopic Jar was made in Egypt during the dynasty XXVI, 664-525 B.C. It was made from limestone. The jar was masterfully carved from stone and subsequently painted over. It is a historical masterpiece and it is relatively in good condition. Such stone jars were used to house the organs of the deceased. Their organs were put in these canopic jars during the mummification process. The lids of these stone jars have a human face. The faces were carved to represent the four sons of the god Horus. The three-dimensional jar is solid and quite large. It is well displayed in a spacious environment. The lid of the jar is organic due to the life-like face that stares back at the viewer. The rest of the jar is cylindrical with graceful proportions. The size of the jar interpenetrates with the surrounding space. It turns in space and it was meant to be viewed from several points of view. Its cylindrical nature makes the viewer’s eye wander all around its form to take in its splendor. Contour lines have been used to make the gentle outline of the jar, giving it a closed silhouette. The dominant linear elements have been incised on the surface of the jar. Beautifully crafted hieroglyphic inscriptions can be seen on the middle of the jar. The contour outline of the jar makes it have a volumetric presence. There are traces ofShow MoreRelatedThe Museum Of Fine Arts751 Words   |  4 PagesDear to whom it may concern in Museum of Fine Arts (MFA) Boston I am writing to you to express my interest in the job opportunity â€Å"Terrace Research Associate in Egyptian Art† in the Department of Art of the Ancient World, one of open staff positions in Museum of Fine Arts (MFA) Boston next Summer. As an applicant for the job opportunity in Museum of Fine Arts (MFA) Boston, I would be interested in the division, the Arts of Ancient Egypt collections I hold a Bachelor’s degree in Egyptology fromRead MoreMuseum of Fine Arts1430 Words   |  6 PagesDerain’s Turning Road and Benton’s Haystack After visiting the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston for the first time, I observed many interesting works of art representing various time periods. Of all the paintings that I saw last week, two landscaped pieces seemed to stick out in my mind; Andre Derain’s The Turning Road and Thomas Hart Benton’s Haystack. Though these two art works are similar in subject matter, they clearly reflect the different styles and time periods of their artists; the abstractRead MoreThe Museum Of Fine Arts1106 Words   |  5 PagesThe Museum of Fine Arts, located in St. Petersburg, Florida holds a variety of artworks that depict a specific period in human development and cultural aspects. The variety was very helpful and the process to narrow down the search of a painting of my choice became less difficult. The painting that I choose was made by an American artist named Stuart Davis Untitled (Black and White Variation on Windshield Mirror). Davis’s painting was extremely peculiar and I wanted to further examine its propertiesRead MoreThe Museum Of Fine Arts1398 Words   |  6 Pages Like many other places in South Boston, the Museum of Fine Arts and History is deceptively small, but musty and brimming with reminiscence of times past. Squatting on the curb of the downtown road since 1993, the museum belies its significance. Composed of plain red brick atop a sheet of cracked pavement, it is as humble as any house along the road. The first step into the museum greets the patron with a wave of chilly air that totes along whiffs of dust and undertones of the aged burgundy rugRead MoreThe Museum Of Fine Arts1511 Words   |  7 Pagesexpress the culture of a region or a country. Therefore, art has played a very important role throughout history. When talking about art, the first thing that comes to most people’s mind is probably that art is a painting or it is a sculpture. However, art has many forms of expression, and it closely connects to human’s daily life. Besides paintings and sculptures, art is everywhere around us. I am always interested in how people have linked art with daily life throughout history. For this reason, theRead MoreThe Museum Of Fine Arts1523 Words   |  7 Pagesexpress the culture of a region or a country. Therefore, art has played a very important role throughout history. When talking about art, the first thing that comes to most people’s minds is probably that a rt is a painting or it is a sculpture. However, art has many forms of expression, and it closely connects to human’s daily life. Besides paintings and sculptures, art is everywhere around us. I am always interested in how people have linked art with daily life throughout history. For this reason, theRead MoreThe Museum of Fine Arts Essay891 Words   |  4 PagesThe Museum of Fine Arts One pleasant afternoon, my classmates and I decided to visit the Houston Museum of Fine Arts to begin on our museum assignment in world literature class. According to Houston Museum of Fine Art’s staff, MFAH considers as one of the largest museums in the nation and it contains many variety forms of art with more than several thousand years of unique history. Also, I have never been in a museum in a very long time especially as big as MFAH, and my experience about the museumRead MoreThe Virginia Museum Of Fine Arts970 Words   |  4 PagesThe Virginia Museum of Fine Arts in Richmond at a glance is a modern metropolitan building that displays a vibrant exhibition of Byzantine art found in the Medieval and Byzantine wing. They are grouped together because they share a progression of time occurring in the heart of Europe roughly from the 1300s until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. The exhibit begins with displays of medieval art of Western Europe. It further progresses to By zantine art arranged in broad categories ranging from pre-ChristianRead MoreA Visit At The Museum Of Fine Arts1210 Words   |  5 PagesMuseum Assignment On November 8th, 2016 I took a trip to the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, to conduct research on different kinds of art. When I got there I went straight to The Ancient World exhibit to find a piece of artwork that I found fascinating. The moment I took a step through those giant glass doors, I saw the Colossal Statue of King Menkaura. This vast piece of artwork had so much history and detail from one particular era, it was almost breathtaking. As I continued onRead MoreThe Collection At The Museum Of Fine Arts2099 Words   |  9 PagesRESEARCH Integrated into the Permanent Collection at the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, Pieter Brueghel the Younger 1620’s painting Return from the Inn, illustrates an outdoor winter scenery of rustic peasant life in early seventeenth century Belgium. Born in 1564 or 1565 in Brussels, Belgium, Pieter Brueghel the Younger was a Flemish painter best known for being the oldest son of the notable sixteenth-century Netherlandish painter Pieter Brueghel the Elder and Mayken Coecke van Aelstv (Artnet, 2016)

Impact of Globalization on Value Chain

Question: Discuss about the . Answer: Introduction: This assessment consists with the evaluation and scrutiny of the various impact of Globalization has in the Value Chain. Globalization is the method by which global integration takes place with exchange of views, opinions, goods, thoughts and other characteristics of culture. Value Chain analysis consist of numerous number of activities which includes designing of a product, production procedures, marketing and distribution activities of an organization. All this above mentioned activities helps a business in producing a product. If a company is manufacturing one, its value chain starts with procurement of raw material and consists of all that is added to the product before it is sold to the consumers. Michael E. Porter was the first person to bring in the concept of value chain. Economic Globalization has an adverse effect on the value chain as it is a long term process and perception and values of people differ globally (Caniato et al. 2013). Competitive Advantage: With the help of Globalization there is a vast competitive advantage in Supply Chain Management and its Value Chain Analysis. Competitive advantage is gained when the value is created in carrying out a competitive strategy. One of the most useful tools used by any organization to achieve competitive advantage in the market place is Value Chain Analysis. Value Chain Analysis is a way of accumulating the activities those are required in order to offer product or services to a Consumer (Beck. 2015). The value chain model predicts the particular arrangement of actions that are needed to generate value for products and services. The arrangement of these activities and the final product must be a exceptional and differ from others. Competitive advantage leads to the result those which are obtained from distinct activities those are performed along the value chain. The value chain of a traditional manufacturing firm consists of activities like inbound logistics, outbound logistics, marketing plan, sales and services. It is also supported by the transportation of the firm, human resource management, technological development and procurement. With the help of globalization most of the organizations are able to sustain competitive position and achieve long term profitability. In achieving this strategy, a business firm has two options, cost leadership strategies and specialization. The cost leadership strategies are divided into three general strategies, Cost Leadership, differentiation and focus. With the help of global presence in the value chain more organization are gaining efficiency and it is also increasing the competitive market environment of Economic Globalization (Marchi et al. 2013). Financial Consideration: Value chain analysis and finance are interlinked with each other all the products and services that move though the value chain are invested to attain returns and the growth of competitiveness in the value chain. With the help of globalization value chain analysis is established between the financial provider and production to reduce the transaction cost and lower the threat of conventional financial services. Implementing finance in the value chain helps in ensuring that the firms have liquidity which leads to meeting market demand. Due to globalization financing gaps are properly analyzed between organizations, number of investor from foreign soil are increasing and the growth of companies are becoming huge. With the help of proper finance in the value chain the wholesalers, retailer; brokers have constant access to the line of products they required, and the delivery is done in timely manner and to meet assured specifications. Globalization also increases the entry of firms into n ew market as the investment opportunities are realized successfully (Rushton et al. 2014). Technological Consideration: The evolution of technology has significantly increasing and the importance of technology in the value chain is used by business and consumers arbitrarily. In the last two decades the technological factor in the value chain has changed drastically and the transition of large mainframe computing systems to personal computer are creating healthier work space. With the implementation of mobile technology in the value chain there is a huge rate of efficiency in the sales floor. The inbound and outbound logistics consists of several small activities from receiving of raw materials, distribution of finished goods, packaging and maintaining proper inventory requires huge amount of information exchange (Caniato et al. 2013). This exchange requires huge number of enterprise database and with help of global presence in the firms and advancement of technology the process is controlled efficiently and delivery time is also decreased. In addition to the above benefits, technology has included wireless solutions in global supply chains. With the help of wireless technology companies are now able to track and manage their shipments, which provides in eliminating loading errors, improving productivity and customer service globally (Sayfuddin. 2015). Wireless technology in global supply chain has also resulted in quality control mechanism for the companies, the implementation of wireless detection of defects with the help of sensor technology and providing smooth work flow is really affecting the supply chain numerously. All this is possible only through globalization and adoption of new technology from different market place and innovating supply chain (Jaumotte et al. 2013). Human Resource Consideration: All the organization is responsible for employees recruitment, selection and training. One of the most effective resource of any organization is their Human Resource Management which is directly related to its value chain. With the help of global presence and modern ideas, training methods and employee policies are implemented in different organization. In respect to this Performance Appraisal of the employees are done efficiently which leads in providing job satisfaction and motivation to their work. With the implementation of Globalization, companies are communicating with their customers and stake holders from various sub cultures, different languages and social backgrounds. Diversity of recruitment is taking place in different companies and greater emphasis on training is initiated to meet global standards (Sayfuddin. 2015). Cultural Consideration: Globalization has both negative and positive impact on the culture and traditional factors of the society. Not only in way of languages and customs. But globalization has created certain products and services those were not previously available. Every product is now available globally with similar taste but different pricing strategies. With the help of this, globalizations is making people aware of different culture of other countries and are decreasing gaps between continents. It provides combination of different cultures and weakening of exceptional cultural differences (Stormquist and Monkman 2014). Political and Economical Consideration: The globalization of the value chain is largely determined by two mechanisms, which consist of expansion of market through arms-length trade and expansion of internal structures of multinational enterprises. Globalization affects the political phase by moving from national systems towards a independent integrated system. With the advancement of economic globalization interdependence of national economies and trade between different nations are possible. The government of different nations has also abided with World Trade Organization framework for economic co-operation between nations. With the accomplishment of this there is a high level of investment done by foreign corporation in developing economies and thus increasing the growth and potential of the economy (Rani and Khan 2015). Corporate Social Responsibility Consideration: Globalization not only provides more opportunities and payback for multinational companies but they also help in adapting the changing environment of industrial level. Corporate Social Responsibility is one of the most significant factors for any organization to sustain in the competitive market place. Globalization promotes the development of Corporate Social Responsibility all over the globe, by making the public aware of the negative consequences such as income inequality among various companies, misuse of labour and lack of sustainability towards the environment. Often Corporate Social Responsibility helps is solving disputes among various global problems. Globalization also leads to failure of Corporate Social Responsibility in many developing countries. Most of the problems arise due to corporate irresponsibility by the managers. The solutions to these problems are providing public goods, security of citizens right and human rights (Sinha. 2015). With the transition of Globalization any business firm can exploit the performance by allocating its resources global. As the competition gets increased across boundaries more value and interest for the consumers are given importance and social, ethical and environmental factors are being taken into considerations (Rani and Khan 2015). Conclusion: This assessment consists of evaluating that how globalization has affected the value chain analysis. All the above mentioned considerations play an important role in shaping the value chain analysis of an organization. The effect of globalization in a society is enormous and also has its deep significance in business life span of any organization. With the help of globalization and introduction of mobile technology has given rise to effectiveness and efficiency in the process of Value Chain Analysis. The globalization and Supply Chain Management are interlinked with each other. Social Change Management enables globalization while globalization provides right of entry to new customer markets and new resource of procurement. Globalization also initiates the understanding of different markets, culture, social backgrounds, risk and regulation globally. Gaining of new information is the key towards successful Social Change Management which decreases disruptions at workplace and avoids delays. Hence with the help of globalization new opportunities are brought forward in the Supply Chain Management. References: Beck, U., 2015.What is globalization?. John Wiley Sons. Caniato, F., Golini, R. and Kalchschmidt, M., 2013. The effect of global supply chain configuration on the relationship between supply chain improvement programs and performance.International Journal of Production Economics,143(2), pp.285-293. Govindan, K., Azevedo, S.G., Carvalho, H. and Cruz-Machado, V., 2014. Impact of supply chain management practices on sustainability.Journal of Cleaner Production,85, pp.212-225. Jaumotte, F., Lall, S. and Papageorgiou, C., 2013. Rising income inequality: technology, or trade and financial globalization?.IMF Economic Review,61(2), pp.271-309. Marchi, V.D., Maria, E.D. and Micelli, S., 2013. Environmental strategies, upgrading and competitive advantage in global value chains.Business strategy and the environment,22(1), pp.62-72. Monczka, R.M., Handfield, R.B., Giunipero, L.C. and Patterson, J.L., 2015.Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Mudambi, R. and Puck, J., 2016. A Global Value Chain Analysis of the Regional StrategyPerspective.Journal of Management Studies. Rani, P. and Khan, M.S., 2015. Changing scenario of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in an era of globalization.IJAR,1(10), pp.111-114. Rushton, A., Croucher, P. and Baker, P., 2014.The handbook of logistics and distribution management: Understanding the supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Sayfuddin, A.T.M., 2014. Globalization and HRM: From Discrepancies to Adaptation.The International Journal of Business Management,2(5), p.79. Sinha, N., 2015. Globalization and Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure (CSRD) Reporting Practices: An Investigation of Power and Oil Gas Sector in India.Globalization,7(34). Stromquist, N.P. and Monkman, K. eds., 2014.Globalization and education: Integration and contestation across cultures. RL Education.

Contact Dermatitis And Respiratory Symptoms -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Contact Dermatitis And Respiratory Symptoms? Answer: Introduction The sector of construction industry can be divided into mainly three sectors, which are mainly construction of building, highway and road projects and specialty trades. It encompasses building project, which are business related to the aspect of building offices, houses and roads. The construction industry can be stated to be a significant part of the economy, which employs over 8% of the overall. Taking into consideration all the industrial sectors the construction industry is rated sixth relating to the number of workers, which are employed in the year 2006. Risk management is one of the nine knowledge areas, which is propagated by the project management institute. The risk factor in the construction project management can be stated to be a systematic and comprehensive way of analyzing, identifying and responding to the risk to achieve the objectives of project management. The benefits of the process of risk management mainly includes analyzing and identifying the risk and the impr ovement of the construction project management processes and resources use in a systematic manner. The process relating to construction project can be extremely complex and related to man y factors of uncertainty. It can be stated here the industry which is related to the construction is one of the most important area were the safety measure become a main propriety and should be taken into consideration at any means. If a sector does not abide by the safety aspects if it can lead to fatal issue which can also affect the overall working for the project as well. On a construction project, the risk factors and the uncertainty can have a damaging consequence. Therefore, now days the concept of management and the risk analysis can be a major feature relating to construction project. This is mainly done in a way to effectively deal with the uncertainty and the events, which are unexpected, and to achieve the project success. The main aim of report is to put focus on the concept of construction industry and the safety, which is attached to the concept. The means of achieving a standard, which would be used to incorporate the safety, are discussed in the report. The focus of the report is put the safety of the workers in the construction sites. In this concept, there are various factors, which can active role. The term of construction site and safety should come together. The sector of emergency can be considered as one of the vital aspects and discussed in detail as this can be considered as one of the most vital factor, which is directly related to the safety aspect in the construction sector. Safety in the workplace The concept of work place safety can be incorporated in any area of work not only the construction sector. The workplace safety can be considered as a tool, which evaluate, recognizes and control the various hazardous condition. This is mainly done to reduce the severity of the injury, which is incurred, and the frequency of the injury to student, staff and facility through the aspect of giving them training. The training mainly focus on the concept of implementation of safe work practices and compliance with the factor of regulatory requirement. The safety at the work place can be divided into sections, which are stated below: Safety relating to handling, moving and strong material In addition to the education and training, the application of the general principle of safety for example equipment control; proper work practice and control sector. This can be very much beneficial for the aspect of handling, moving and the concept of storing of material. Taking into aspect the moving of material manually or automatically the workers should take into consideration the different potential hazards that can be faced with the task and how to control those factors to minimize the dangers, which are associated with it. This factor is very much important because most of the accident occur due to the aspect of improper storing and handling of material. In most of the situation, moving parts such as cranes are factors of accident in the work place. It should be also taken care of that the moving parts are taken care of any maintenance of the parts are done so that they work according to the need and the requirement. Most of times the moving part can become a factor of accide nts, which could have been taken care of at the first place (G?adysz et al. 2015). Workers should be aware of the accidents, which may result from the improper and unsafe handling of equipment and improper practice in work. On the other hand, the workers should be able to know how to eliminate the risk factors or should have the knowledge to minimize the risk factors. Employees and employers should try to detect any sort of unhealthy conditions, practices and situations in the work place and take necessary actions, which can reduce those factors. The detection of the situation is very much important as it might result in some form of accident if not taken care of in the first place (Taroun 2014). Safety relating to stacking material The concept of stacking material can be considered very much dangerous if the workers do not abide by the safety guidelines. Collapsing of load or falling of load can pin or crush workers, which may result in death or injuries. In order to prevent injuries which are related to the stacking material the followings things should be taken into consideration. If the handling of the stack lumber is done manually, it should be no longer, than 16 feet height and not more than 20 feet is it is done using a forklift. Before the stacking it should be ensured that nails are removed from the used lumber Ensure that the stacks are self-supporting and stable. In the racks bars and pipes, storage should be avoided. This is due to the factor that avoiding creation of hazard to passerby by means of removing supply. The storage of the stacks and bundles should be done in interlocking rows mainly to ensure security. At every ten layers, the staged material should be bagged by steeping the cross keying and back layers (Rostami et al. 2015). Safety relating to health Effective management of the health and safety of the workers can be considered as a decisive factor in the reducing the extent and the severity which is related illness and the injury and their related cost. In fact, in this context it can be stated that effective health and safety program management forms the basis of the good worker protection, which can directly save money and time. To assist the employees and the employers in growing the sector of health and safety the OSHA established the safety and health program management guideline. The safety and health program guideless mainly states the following points. Employee involvement and management: The workers should be involved in a way to implement the safety aspects. It should be the own responsibility of the workers to abide by the safety measures and follow them appropriately. The management of the employee can also be a concern due to the factor of lack of management can directly affect the safety aspect. There are various factors, which play a role in the management sector as the type of, machinery, which is being used in the site, the security aspects related to the field of work etc. Analysis of worksite: The factor of analysis of the worksite should be the first priority. This is due to the factor that each worksite can have different type of safety aspects involved. It is the job of the management to form the safety rules and regulation. This process should be conducted before the actual working at the work site starts. Control and hazard prevention: Safety aspect relating to construction industry can be related to the concept of control and hazard prevention. The control sector play a vital role due to the factor that there should be a control over every safety precaution, which is being implemented into the framework of the site. On the other hand, the hazard prevention means the disposal of the waste material, which is being produced from the work site. Many of the waste material can affect the life of the normal people as well as the workers who actively work on the work site. Health and safety training: Each of the safety precautions, which are taken in the aspect for construction, are taken in order to deal with the health of the workers. When the different safety aspects are followed properly and taken into consideration it would directly affect the health of the workers. It can be stated here that the disposal of the waste, which is generated from the construction worksite, should be disposed properly so that they do not harm the common people. The training should be given to each workers. There can be many technological advancement in the sector of machinery in order to improve the safety in it. The workers should be able to know the aspect of working so that they can make their working more secured (Sousa, Almeida and Dias 2014). This guideline provides the general elements that are very much critical for the implementation and reinforcement of the health and safety program. Health standard in a part of the safety is crucial and should be followed properly. Safety and health at work place Circulate artificially manufactured purified air or fresh air at a rate of not less than 3 changes of air per housed for places which are enclosed. Maintain an appropriate temperature in the workplace so that the workers do not have any problem working in the construction site. This may be an important factor because the if the temperature is not maintained it would affect the health of the worker Maintaining of an appropriate exhaust system should be incorporated at the point of the origin of the fume and the dust or other impurities, which can affect the health of the workers. Exhaust system can be one of the most vital aspects of ensuring safety as well as health of the workers. Maintain and provide a sufficient or suitable lighting system either by means of artificial or natural system. This should be done in all the places where the workers work or pass through. Ensuring the skylight and the window, which are used for lighting, should be kept free from any sort of obstruction. This would provide a healthy working condition. Installation of the lighting system should be done in a way so that there is no area, which is left out or black out. This can also ensure that the working get a proper view of the work which they do. The contrast of the light should not be more than 30% taking into consideration the surrounding and the workplace. The following intensity of light may be taken for referencing. Purpose Light intensity Site clearance and general work area 50 lux Site drawing office 750 lux Craft work: scaffolding and concerting 100 lux Workshop 600 lux Precision 1000 lux Fine cart work for example work with power tools, electrical, plumbing jobs etc. 300 lux Heavy work area 450 lux The voltage, which used for temporary lighting should be kept low especially in the damp and confined condition. This can be considered as a safety precaution for the workers as if they are exposed to the electricity it could lead to a serious problem. Emergency lighting should be appropriately provided in all the areas where the work is in progress as a backup plan. The main consideration of the area should be the escape route and workplaces. Site layout The process of the site layout is very much important. The process should focus on the actual work of the construction starts. The following provisions should be taken into consideration and recorded in a plan, which is known as site layout plan before the actual work starts. Provision of fencing or hoarding should be done were ever it is needed. It should be ensured that the site has a safe access and a good visibility. The use of warning signs should be kept at appropriate places where they can be any sort of danger associated it the working of the workers. It acts as a precaution form any sort of inevitable situation. There should be different area allocated for the purpose of storing, unloading and machinery. The area should not be mixed which would be facilitating appropriate work environment as well as safety. At the conspicuous area, there should be post emergency procedures and notices relating to statuary warning. The positioning of the cranes and the hoist should be appropriate. This is majorly done so that by any means they do not hit the workers who actively work. Welfare facility should be considered to the compounds and the workshops, offices, ventilation arrangement and temporary connections that are related to the utility services. Provision of mobile phones should be done before there is any installation of landline phones. The requirement of the electricity at the work place should be taken into consideration at the first place. This would directly incorporate that the workplace would be having sufficient light and power for other resources to work. The waste disposal can be consideration as another important factor in work place. This would directly involve the health of the workers. The disposal of the waste should be made in a proper way this is mainly done so that it does not reach the common people and harm them. The arrangement and the transportation of the flammable material, fuel and explosive material should be done in an appropriate way The construction area should be accessible form the road so that there are no problem related to transportation of the raw material. This would directly reduce the human labor concept. First aid should be provided within the premises of the construction. This would help in fast and easy first aid for the workers when they need it. When working in heights it should be seen that the edges are kept covered so that the workers do not fall of. There are many situation were the workers fall from height and even lose their life. Employers responsibility Employers should be corporative with their own employers and other person related in the aspect in the process of complying with the legislation for safety and its guidelines. There are different guidelines and framework, which are formed for the purpose of safety, but the aspects, should be the responsibility of the individual to follow and implement them. These processes should be done in a way, which does not possess any sort of danger to themselves and other persons. Security of workers should be given a highest propriety as it is related to the safety of the workers and this would affect the working of the overall project as well. In most of the cases it is seen when the safety aspects are met properly and followed the project should follows some pre fixed estimation and reach the final goal (Wasilkiewicz, Albrechtsen and Antonsen 2016). Basic rules of safety Tidy up construction site The passages in the work place should always be kept clear. This is mainly done so that the workers can work in a proper way without any problem involved into it. The sorting of the material should be done and the piling of the safety measures should be done. The stacks in the work place should not be very much high The floor ending should be kept aware of. They should be covered and fenced properly so that the workers do not fall of them and injure them. The refuse should be removed as much as possible. The lightening at the work place should be done in an appropriate manner so that there are no place were light are missing and are dark The firefighting equipment should be provided at regular interval so that in time of problem there is no shortage of it. Safety measures Before operation of nay machine, it should be seen that the dangerous part are covered with safety covers so that they do not harm the workers. Working in area were there not sufficient lighting should be avoided this is mainly done to avoid any unsuitable conditions or danger in the workplace. During working the workers should be well aware of what work is going around them. This ensures that no moveable machine hurt them in the process of working. The use of chemical during the work should be done with precaution measures involved into it. Personal safety Protective equipment should be used during working The worker should not get involved in any sort of drinking or taking drugs during the working. Every worker should consider the personal hygiene factor. When hygiene is taken into consideration it would directly impact the safety and the health of the workers. The superiors should be reported if there are any situation of unsafe condition are noticed. After the identification of the problem should be solved as soon as possible so that no harm is done to anyone. The noise level should be kept under control. The following tables states the permissible noise exposure that should be followed by the workers during their working. Sound level dB(A) Duration per day (Hourly) 90 8 92 ( air compressor) 5 95 (air drill) 2.5 97 1.6 100 (machine shop) 0.8 105 ( circular saw) 0.25 115 (diesel engine) 0.025 The sound aspect can lead to major injury to the workers. In many construction site the noise factor should be taken care of so that the health of the workers as well as the people involved around the construction site are not affected. This is a problem, which can be taken care of quite easily by following few safety aspects, which may involve use of modern machinery for the process of cutting. Most of the time the safety aspects are ignored due to the budget aspect which result in severe accidents which can also impact the overall working of the project. Conclusion The report can be concluded on a note that the in construction industry the factor if safety play a very vital role. There are different laws, which are formed by government in order to reinforce the security and the safety at work place. The workers who work in the construction site should have a basic idea of the security aspects, which they should take into consideration while working in work sites. There many type of struggle, which is forced by the people in charge to incorporate the safety factor in work places. The training sector comes into play in this scenario. The workers have to be given some minimum training so that they can face the problem if they arise and take good decision to resolve the problem. There are various factors which play a vital role in the aspect of security in work place for example fire, injury form machinery etc. it can be stated here that in a recent survey the loss of life the construction industry due to lack of precaution or safety measures are t remendously high as compared to working in order industry. Many times due to budget, constraints the security aspect is neglected which can lead to major problem if there is any sort of problem. Negligence in the sector of safety should not be done at any time because this can effect life of a worker. The construction industry should also take into consideration the aspect of keeping the environment clean. This would be also beneficial in a way of keeping the health condition of the workers well. One of the important factor, which can be stated, is that the disposal of the waste should be done in a appropriate way. At the end, the safety of person should be the concern of himself only. The precaution and the aspects of safety though formed but should be implemented by the people in order to make the industry, which is related to the construction safer. Safety precaution when taken into consideration would be beneficial form the point of view of the workers as well as the people who are involved in and around the work place. References Abdul-Rahman, H., Wang, C. and Sheik Mohamad, F., 2015. 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