Definition and Examples of Cataphora in English Grammar

In English grammar, cataphora is the use of a pronoun or other linguistic unit to refer ahead to another word in a sentence (i.e., the referent). Adjective: cataphoric. Also known as  anticipatory anaphora, forward anaphora, cataphoric reference, or forward reference. Cataphora and anaphora are  the two main types of  endophora--that is, reference to an item within the text itself. Cataphora in English Grammar The word that gets its meaning from a subsequent word or phrase is called a cataphor. The subsequent word or phrase is called the antecedent, referent, or head. Anaphora vs. Cataphora Some linguists use anaphora as a generic term for both forward and backward reference. The term forward(s) anaphora is equivalent to cataphora.   Examples and Uses of Cataphora In the following examples, cataphors are in italics and their referents are in bold. Why do we envy him, the bankrupt man? (John Updike, Hugging the Shore, 1984)A few weeks before he died, my father gave me an old cigar box filled with faded letters.In The Pendulum Years, his history of the 1960s, Bernard Levin writes of the collective insanity which seized Britain. (The London Evening Standard, February 8, 1994, quoted by Katie Wales in Personal Pronouns in Present-Day English. Cambridge University Press, 1996)If she were alive today, [Barbara] Tuchman would surely be preparing to pen fresh furious pages tonight, as the president seeks to rally his faltering domestic popularity with summonses of support. (Martin Kettle, If He Resists the Siren Voice of Folly, Blairs Legacy Is Secure. The Guardian, June 25, 2005)You must remember this:A kiss is just a kiss,A sigh is just a sigh. (Herman Hupfeld, As Time Goes By, 1931)This, I now realize, was a very bad idea--suggesting we do whatever Terry Crews wants for the day. (Joel Stein, Crews Control. Time, September 22, 2014) It must have been tough on your mother, not having any children. (Ginger Rogers in 42nd Street, 1933)Too scared to buy before they sell, some homeowners aim for a trade.So I just want to say this to the Congress: An America that buys much more than they sell year in and year out is an America that is facing economic and military disaster. (Congressman James A. Traficant, Congressional Record--House, September 25, 1998)After she declared herself broken, betrayed, at bay, really low in another organ yesterday, Im not sure the Diary should even mention poor Bel Mooneys name. (The Guardian, August 9, 1994) Creating Suspense With Cataphora [Cataphora] is in evidence in the next example, which is typical of the opening sentences of books: Students (not unlike yourselves) compelled to buy paperback copies of his novels--notably the first, Travel Light, though there has lately been some academic interest in his more surreal and existential and perhaps even anarchist second novel, Brother Pig--or encountering some essay from When the Saints in a shiny heavy anthology of mid-century literature costing $12.50, imagine that Henry Bech, like thousands less famous than he, is rich. He is not.​[John Updike, Rich in Russia. Bech: A Book, 1970] Here we meet copies of his novels before we know who he is. It is only several lines later that the possessive adjective his links forward to the proper nouns Henry Bech in the text that comes after. As you can see, whereas anaphora refers back, cataphora refers forward. Here, it is a stylistic choice, to keep the reader in suspense as to who is being talked about. More usually, the noun that the pronoun links forward to follows soon after. (Joan Cutting, Pragmatics and Discourse: A Resource Book for Students. Routledge, 2002)Strategic Use of Cataphora [M]ore often than not, protypical cataphora is motivated by a planned or strategic delivery of a referent, such as in news-telling like the following: Listen to this--John won a lottery and got a million dollars! Prototypical cataphora thus is rarely associated with problems in lexical retrieval. (Makoto Hayashi and Kyung-Eun Yoon, Demonstratives in Interaction. Fillers, Pauses and Placeholders, ed. by Nino Amiridze, Boyd H. Davis, and Margaret Maclagan. John Benjamins, 2010) Cataphora and Style [S]ome prescriptive grammarians have gone so far as to condemn the practice [of cataphora], for reasons of clarity and, more blandly, good style. So H.W. Fowler declares the pronoun should rarely precede its principal, a view echoed by Gowers . . .. This has led to problems in terminology. The term antecedent, for example, is commonly used to refer to a coreferential NP in an anaphoric relation; there is no equivalent expression for the *postcedent NP, however. But by an odd semantic license, some grammarians, and of different schools of thought, use antecedent in this sense. (Katie Wales, Personal Pronouns in Present-Day English. Cambridge University Press, 1996) EtymologyFrom the Greek, backward carry Pronunciation: ke-TAF-eh-ra

The Museum Of Fine Art - 1022 Words

The Museum of Fine Art in Houston, Texas has a variety of art collections. To be precise, the canopic jar is mounted on a large pedestal among other sculptures. This Canopic Jar was made in Egypt during the dynasty XXVI, 664-525 B.C. It was made from limestone. The jar was masterfully carved from stone and subsequently painted over. It is a historical masterpiece and it is relatively in good condition. Such stone jars were used to house the organs of the deceased. Their organs were put in these canopic jars during the mummification process. The lids of these stone jars have a human face. The faces were carved to represent the four sons of the god Horus. The three-dimensional jar is solid and quite large. It is well displayed in a spacious environment. The lid of the jar is organic due to the life-like face that stares back at the viewer. The rest of the jar is cylindrical with graceful proportions. The size of the jar interpenetrates with the surrounding space. It turns in space and it was meant to be viewed from several points of view. Its cylindrical nature makes the viewer’s eye wander all around its form to take in its splendor. Contour lines have been used to make the gentle outline of the jar, giving it a closed silhouette. The dominant linear elements have been incised on the surface of the jar. Beautifully crafted hieroglyphic inscriptions can be seen on the middle of the jar. The contour outline of the jar makes it have a volumetric presence. There are traces ofShow MoreRelatedThe Museum Of Fine Arts751 Words   |  4 PagesDear to whom it may concern in Museum of Fine Arts (MFA) Boston I am writing to you to express my interest in the job opportunity â€Å"Terrace Research Associate in Egyptian Art† in the Department of Art of the Ancient World, one of open staff positions in Museum of Fine Arts (MFA) Boston next Summer. As an applicant for the job opportunity in Museum of Fine Arts (MFA) Boston, I would be interested in the division, the Arts of Ancient Egypt collections I hold a Bachelor’s degree in Egyptology fromRead MoreMuseum of Fine Arts1430 Words   |  6 PagesDerain’s Turning Road and Benton’s Haystack After visiting the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston for the first time, I observed many interesting works of art representing various time periods. Of all the paintings that I saw last week, two landscaped pieces seemed to stick out in my mind; Andre Derain’s The Turning Road and Thomas Hart Benton’s Haystack. Though these two art works are similar in subject matter, they clearly reflect the different styles and time periods of their artists; the abstractRead MoreThe Museum Of Fine Arts1106 Words   |  5 PagesThe Museum of Fine Arts, located in St. Petersburg, Florida holds a variety of artworks that depict a specific period in human development and cultural aspects. The variety was very helpful and the process to narrow down the search of a painting of my choice became less difficult. The painting that I choose was made by an American artist named Stuart Davis Untitled (Black and White Variation on Windshield Mirror). Davis’s painting was extremely peculiar and I wanted to further examine its propertiesRead MoreThe Museum Of Fine Arts1398 Words   |  6 Pages Like many other places in South Boston, the Museum of Fine Arts and History is deceptively small, but musty and brimming with reminiscence of times past. Squatting on the curb of the downtown road since 1993, the museum belies its significance. Composed of plain red brick atop a sheet of cracked pavement, it is as humble as any house along the road. The first step into the museum greets the patron with a wave of chilly air that totes along whiffs of dust and undertones of the aged burgundy rugRead MoreThe Museum Of Fine Arts1511 Words   |  7 Pagesexpress the culture of a region or a country. Therefore, art has played a very important role throughout history. When talking about art, the first thing that comes to most people’s mind is probably that art is a painting or it is a sculpture. However, art has many forms of expression, and it closely connects to human’s daily life. Besides paintings and sculptures, art is everywhere around us. I am always interested in how people have linked art with daily life throughout history. For this reason, theRead MoreThe Museum Of Fine Arts1523 Words   |  7 Pagesexpress the culture of a region or a country. Therefore, art has played a very important role throughout history. When talking about art, the first thing that comes to most people’s minds is probably that a rt is a painting or it is a sculpture. However, art has many forms of expression, and it closely connects to human’s daily life. Besides paintings and sculptures, art is everywhere around us. I am always interested in how people have linked art with daily life throughout history. For this reason, theRead MoreThe Museum of Fine Arts Essay891 Words   |  4 PagesThe Museum of Fine Arts One pleasant afternoon, my classmates and I decided to visit the Houston Museum of Fine Arts to begin on our museum assignment in world literature class. According to Houston Museum of Fine Art’s staff, MFAH considers as one of the largest museums in the nation and it contains many variety forms of art with more than several thousand years of unique history. Also, I have never been in a museum in a very long time especially as big as MFAH, and my experience about the museumRead MoreThe Virginia Museum Of Fine Arts970 Words   |  4 PagesThe Virginia Museum of Fine Arts in Richmond at a glance is a modern metropolitan building that displays a vibrant exhibition of Byzantine art found in the Medieval and Byzantine wing. They are grouped together because they share a progression of time occurring in the heart of Europe roughly from the 1300s until the fall of Constantinople in 1453. The exhibit begins with displays of medieval art of Western Europe. It further progresses to By zantine art arranged in broad categories ranging from pre-ChristianRead MoreA Visit At The Museum Of Fine Arts1210 Words   |  5 PagesMuseum Assignment On November 8th, 2016 I took a trip to the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts, to conduct research on different kinds of art. When I got there I went straight to The Ancient World exhibit to find a piece of artwork that I found fascinating. The moment I took a step through those giant glass doors, I saw the Colossal Statue of King Menkaura. This vast piece of artwork had so much history and detail from one particular era, it was almost breathtaking. As I continued onRead MoreThe Collection At The Museum Of Fine Arts2099 Words   |  9 PagesRESEARCH Integrated into the Permanent Collection at the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts, Pieter Brueghel the Younger 1620’s painting Return from the Inn, illustrates an outdoor winter scenery of rustic peasant life in early seventeenth century Belgium. Born in 1564 or 1565 in Brussels, Belgium, Pieter Brueghel the Younger was a Flemish painter best known for being the oldest son of the notable sixteenth-century Netherlandish painter Pieter Brueghel the Elder and Mayken Coecke van Aelstv (Artnet, 2016)

Impact of Globalization on Value Chain

Question: Discuss about the . Answer: Introduction: This assessment consists with the evaluation and scrutiny of the various impact of Globalization has in the Value Chain. Globalization is the method by which global integration takes place with exchange of views, opinions, goods, thoughts and other characteristics of culture. Value Chain analysis consist of numerous number of activities which includes designing of a product, production procedures, marketing and distribution activities of an organization. All this above mentioned activities helps a business in producing a product. If a company is manufacturing one, its value chain starts with procurement of raw material and consists of all that is added to the product before it is sold to the consumers. Michael E. Porter was the first person to bring in the concept of value chain. Economic Globalization has an adverse effect on the value chain as it is a long term process and perception and values of people differ globally (Caniato et al. 2013). Competitive Advantage: With the help of Globalization there is a vast competitive advantage in Supply Chain Management and its Value Chain Analysis. Competitive advantage is gained when the value is created in carrying out a competitive strategy. One of the most useful tools used by any organization to achieve competitive advantage in the market place is Value Chain Analysis. Value Chain Analysis is a way of accumulating the activities those are required in order to offer product or services to a Consumer (Beck. 2015). The value chain model predicts the particular arrangement of actions that are needed to generate value for products and services. The arrangement of these activities and the final product must be a exceptional and differ from others. Competitive advantage leads to the result those which are obtained from distinct activities those are performed along the value chain. The value chain of a traditional manufacturing firm consists of activities like inbound logistics, outbound logistics, marketing plan, sales and services. It is also supported by the transportation of the firm, human resource management, technological development and procurement. With the help of globalization most of the organizations are able to sustain competitive position and achieve long term profitability. In achieving this strategy, a business firm has two options, cost leadership strategies and specialization. The cost leadership strategies are divided into three general strategies, Cost Leadership, differentiation and focus. With the help of global presence in the value chain more organization are gaining efficiency and it is also increasing the competitive market environment of Economic Globalization (Marchi et al. 2013). Financial Consideration: Value chain analysis and finance are interlinked with each other all the products and services that move though the value chain are invested to attain returns and the growth of competitiveness in the value chain. With the help of globalization value chain analysis is established between the financial provider and production to reduce the transaction cost and lower the threat of conventional financial services. Implementing finance in the value chain helps in ensuring that the firms have liquidity which leads to meeting market demand. Due to globalization financing gaps are properly analyzed between organizations, number of investor from foreign soil are increasing and the growth of companies are becoming huge. With the help of proper finance in the value chain the wholesalers, retailer; brokers have constant access to the line of products they required, and the delivery is done in timely manner and to meet assured specifications. Globalization also increases the entry of firms into n ew market as the investment opportunities are realized successfully (Rushton et al. 2014). Technological Consideration: The evolution of technology has significantly increasing and the importance of technology in the value chain is used by business and consumers arbitrarily. In the last two decades the technological factor in the value chain has changed drastically and the transition of large mainframe computing systems to personal computer are creating healthier work space. With the implementation of mobile technology in the value chain there is a huge rate of efficiency in the sales floor. The inbound and outbound logistics consists of several small activities from receiving of raw materials, distribution of finished goods, packaging and maintaining proper inventory requires huge amount of information exchange (Caniato et al. 2013). This exchange requires huge number of enterprise database and with help of global presence in the firms and advancement of technology the process is controlled efficiently and delivery time is also decreased. In addition to the above benefits, technology has included wireless solutions in global supply chains. With the help of wireless technology companies are now able to track and manage their shipments, which provides in eliminating loading errors, improving productivity and customer service globally (Sayfuddin. 2015). Wireless technology in global supply chain has also resulted in quality control mechanism for the companies, the implementation of wireless detection of defects with the help of sensor technology and providing smooth work flow is really affecting the supply chain numerously. All this is possible only through globalization and adoption of new technology from different market place and innovating supply chain (Jaumotte et al. 2013). Human Resource Consideration: All the organization is responsible for employees recruitment, selection and training. One of the most effective resource of any organization is their Human Resource Management which is directly related to its value chain. With the help of global presence and modern ideas, training methods and employee policies are implemented in different organization. In respect to this Performance Appraisal of the employees are done efficiently which leads in providing job satisfaction and motivation to their work. With the implementation of Globalization, companies are communicating with their customers and stake holders from various sub cultures, different languages and social backgrounds. Diversity of recruitment is taking place in different companies and greater emphasis on training is initiated to meet global standards (Sayfuddin. 2015). Cultural Consideration: Globalization has both negative and positive impact on the culture and traditional factors of the society. Not only in way of languages and customs. But globalization has created certain products and services those were not previously available. Every product is now available globally with similar taste but different pricing strategies. With the help of this, globalizations is making people aware of different culture of other countries and are decreasing gaps between continents. It provides combination of different cultures and weakening of exceptional cultural differences (Stormquist and Monkman 2014). Political and Economical Consideration: The globalization of the value chain is largely determined by two mechanisms, which consist of expansion of market through arms-length trade and expansion of internal structures of multinational enterprises. Globalization affects the political phase by moving from national systems towards a independent integrated system. With the advancement of economic globalization interdependence of national economies and trade between different nations are possible. The government of different nations has also abided with World Trade Organization framework for economic co-operation between nations. With the accomplishment of this there is a high level of investment done by foreign corporation in developing economies and thus increasing the growth and potential of the economy (Rani and Khan 2015). Corporate Social Responsibility Consideration: Globalization not only provides more opportunities and payback for multinational companies but they also help in adapting the changing environment of industrial level. Corporate Social Responsibility is one of the most significant factors for any organization to sustain in the competitive market place. Globalization promotes the development of Corporate Social Responsibility all over the globe, by making the public aware of the negative consequences such as income inequality among various companies, misuse of labour and lack of sustainability towards the environment. Often Corporate Social Responsibility helps is solving disputes among various global problems. Globalization also leads to failure of Corporate Social Responsibility in many developing countries. Most of the problems arise due to corporate irresponsibility by the managers. The solutions to these problems are providing public goods, security of citizens right and human rights (Sinha. 2015). With the transition of Globalization any business firm can exploit the performance by allocating its resources global. As the competition gets increased across boundaries more value and interest for the consumers are given importance and social, ethical and environmental factors are being taken into considerations (Rani and Khan 2015). Conclusion: This assessment consists of evaluating that how globalization has affected the value chain analysis. All the above mentioned considerations play an important role in shaping the value chain analysis of an organization. The effect of globalization in a society is enormous and also has its deep significance in business life span of any organization. With the help of globalization and introduction of mobile technology has given rise to effectiveness and efficiency in the process of Value Chain Analysis. The globalization and Supply Chain Management are interlinked with each other. Social Change Management enables globalization while globalization provides right of entry to new customer markets and new resource of procurement. Globalization also initiates the understanding of different markets, culture, social backgrounds, risk and regulation globally. Gaining of new information is the key towards successful Social Change Management which decreases disruptions at workplace and avoids delays. Hence with the help of globalization new opportunities are brought forward in the Supply Chain Management. References: Beck, U., 2015.What is globalization?. John Wiley Sons. Caniato, F., Golini, R. and Kalchschmidt, M., 2013. The effect of global supply chain configuration on the relationship between supply chain improvement programs and performance.International Journal of Production Economics,143(2), pp.285-293. Govindan, K., Azevedo, S.G., Carvalho, H. and Cruz-Machado, V., 2014. Impact of supply chain management practices on sustainability.Journal of Cleaner Production,85, pp.212-225. Jaumotte, F., Lall, S. and Papageorgiou, C., 2013. Rising income inequality: technology, or trade and financial globalization?.IMF Economic Review,61(2), pp.271-309. Marchi, V.D., Maria, E.D. and Micelli, S., 2013. Environmental strategies, upgrading and competitive advantage in global value chains.Business strategy and the environment,22(1), pp.62-72. Monczka, R.M., Handfield, R.B., Giunipero, L.C. and Patterson, J.L., 2015.Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Mudambi, R. and Puck, J., 2016. A Global Value Chain Analysis of the Regional StrategyPerspective.Journal of Management Studies. Rani, P. and Khan, M.S., 2015. Changing scenario of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in an era of globalization.IJAR,1(10), pp.111-114. Rushton, A., Croucher, P. and Baker, P., 2014.The handbook of logistics and distribution management: Understanding the supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Sayfuddin, A.T.M., 2014. Globalization and HRM: From Discrepancies to Adaptation.The International Journal of Business Management,2(5), p.79. Sinha, N., 2015. Globalization and Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure (CSRD) Reporting Practices: An Investigation of Power and Oil Gas Sector in India.Globalization,7(34). Stromquist, N.P. and Monkman, K. eds., 2014.Globalization and education: Integration and contestation across cultures. RL Education.

Contact Dermatitis And Respiratory Symptoms -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Contact Dermatitis And Respiratory Symptoms? Answer: Introduction The sector of construction industry can be divided into mainly three sectors, which are mainly construction of building, highway and road projects and specialty trades. It encompasses building project, which are business related to the aspect of building offices, houses and roads. The construction industry can be stated to be a significant part of the economy, which employs over 8% of the overall. Taking into consideration all the industrial sectors the construction industry is rated sixth relating to the number of workers, which are employed in the year 2006. Risk management is one of the nine knowledge areas, which is propagated by the project management institute. The risk factor in the construction project management can be stated to be a systematic and comprehensive way of analyzing, identifying and responding to the risk to achieve the objectives of project management. The benefits of the process of risk management mainly includes analyzing and identifying the risk and the impr ovement of the construction project management processes and resources use in a systematic manner. The process relating to construction project can be extremely complex and related to man y factors of uncertainty. It can be stated here the industry which is related to the construction is one of the most important area were the safety measure become a main propriety and should be taken into consideration at any means. If a sector does not abide by the safety aspects if it can lead to fatal issue which can also affect the overall working for the project as well. On a construction project, the risk factors and the uncertainty can have a damaging consequence. Therefore, now days the concept of management and the risk analysis can be a major feature relating to construction project. This is mainly done in a way to effectively deal with the uncertainty and the events, which are unexpected, and to achieve the project success. The main aim of report is to put focus on the concept of construction industry and the safety, which is attached to the concept. The means of achieving a standard, which would be used to incorporate the safety, are discussed in the report. The focus of the report is put the safety of the workers in the construction sites. In this concept, there are various factors, which can active role. The term of construction site and safety should come together. The sector of emergency can be considered as one of the vital aspects and discussed in detail as this can be considered as one of the most vital factor, which is directly related to the safety aspect in the construction sector. Safety in the workplace The concept of work place safety can be incorporated in any area of work not only the construction sector. The workplace safety can be considered as a tool, which evaluate, recognizes and control the various hazardous condition. This is mainly done to reduce the severity of the injury, which is incurred, and the frequency of the injury to student, staff and facility through the aspect of giving them training. The training mainly focus on the concept of implementation of safe work practices and compliance with the factor of regulatory requirement. The safety at the work place can be divided into sections, which are stated below: Safety relating to handling, moving and strong material In addition to the education and training, the application of the general principle of safety for example equipment control; proper work practice and control sector. This can be very much beneficial for the aspect of handling, moving and the concept of storing of material. Taking into aspect the moving of material manually or automatically the workers should take into consideration the different potential hazards that can be faced with the task and how to control those factors to minimize the dangers, which are associated with it. This factor is very much important because most of the accident occur due to the aspect of improper storing and handling of material. In most of the situation, moving parts such as cranes are factors of accident in the work place. It should be also taken care of that the moving parts are taken care of any maintenance of the parts are done so that they work according to the need and the requirement. Most of times the moving part can become a factor of accide nts, which could have been taken care of at the first place (G?adysz et al. 2015). Workers should be aware of the accidents, which may result from the improper and unsafe handling of equipment and improper practice in work. On the other hand, the workers should be able to know how to eliminate the risk factors or should have the knowledge to minimize the risk factors. Employees and employers should try to detect any sort of unhealthy conditions, practices and situations in the work place and take necessary actions, which can reduce those factors. The detection of the situation is very much important as it might result in some form of accident if not taken care of in the first place (Taroun 2014). Safety relating to stacking material The concept of stacking material can be considered very much dangerous if the workers do not abide by the safety guidelines. Collapsing of load or falling of load can pin or crush workers, which may result in death or injuries. In order to prevent injuries which are related to the stacking material the followings things should be taken into consideration. If the handling of the stack lumber is done manually, it should be no longer, than 16 feet height and not more than 20 feet is it is done using a forklift. Before the stacking it should be ensured that nails are removed from the used lumber Ensure that the stacks are self-supporting and stable. In the racks bars and pipes, storage should be avoided. This is due to the factor that avoiding creation of hazard to passerby by means of removing supply. The storage of the stacks and bundles should be done in interlocking rows mainly to ensure security. At every ten layers, the staged material should be bagged by steeping the cross keying and back layers (Rostami et al. 2015). Safety relating to health Effective management of the health and safety of the workers can be considered as a decisive factor in the reducing the extent and the severity which is related illness and the injury and their related cost. In fact, in this context it can be stated that effective health and safety program management forms the basis of the good worker protection, which can directly save money and time. To assist the employees and the employers in growing the sector of health and safety the OSHA established the safety and health program management guideline. The safety and health program guideless mainly states the following points. Employee involvement and management: The workers should be involved in a way to implement the safety aspects. It should be the own responsibility of the workers to abide by the safety measures and follow them appropriately. The management of the employee can also be a concern due to the factor of lack of management can directly affect the safety aspect. There are various factors, which play a role in the management sector as the type of, machinery, which is being used in the site, the security aspects related to the field of work etc. Analysis of worksite: The factor of analysis of the worksite should be the first priority. This is due to the factor that each worksite can have different type of safety aspects involved. It is the job of the management to form the safety rules and regulation. This process should be conducted before the actual working at the work site starts. Control and hazard prevention: Safety aspect relating to construction industry can be related to the concept of control and hazard prevention. The control sector play a vital role due to the factor that there should be a control over every safety precaution, which is being implemented into the framework of the site. On the other hand, the hazard prevention means the disposal of the waste material, which is being produced from the work site. Many of the waste material can affect the life of the normal people as well as the workers who actively work on the work site. Health and safety training: Each of the safety precautions, which are taken in the aspect for construction, are taken in order to deal with the health of the workers. When the different safety aspects are followed properly and taken into consideration it would directly affect the health of the workers. It can be stated here that the disposal of the waste, which is generated from the construction worksite, should be disposed properly so that they do not harm the common people. The training should be given to each workers. There can be many technological advancement in the sector of machinery in order to improve the safety in it. The workers should be able to know the aspect of working so that they can make their working more secured (Sousa, Almeida and Dias 2014). This guideline provides the general elements that are very much critical for the implementation and reinforcement of the health and safety program. Health standard in a part of the safety is crucial and should be followed properly. Safety and health at work place Circulate artificially manufactured purified air or fresh air at a rate of not less than 3 changes of air per housed for places which are enclosed. Maintain an appropriate temperature in the workplace so that the workers do not have any problem working in the construction site. This may be an important factor because the if the temperature is not maintained it would affect the health of the worker Maintaining of an appropriate exhaust system should be incorporated at the point of the origin of the fume and the dust or other impurities, which can affect the health of the workers. Exhaust system can be one of the most vital aspects of ensuring safety as well as health of the workers. Maintain and provide a sufficient or suitable lighting system either by means of artificial or natural system. This should be done in all the places where the workers work or pass through. Ensuring the skylight and the window, which are used for lighting, should be kept free from any sort of obstruction. This would provide a healthy working condition. Installation of the lighting system should be done in a way so that there is no area, which is left out or black out. This can also ensure that the working get a proper view of the work which they do. The contrast of the light should not be more than 30% taking into consideration the surrounding and the workplace. The following intensity of light may be taken for referencing. Purpose Light intensity Site clearance and general work area 50 lux Site drawing office 750 lux Craft work: scaffolding and concerting 100 lux Workshop 600 lux Precision 1000 lux Fine cart work for example work with power tools, electrical, plumbing jobs etc. 300 lux Heavy work area 450 lux The voltage, which used for temporary lighting should be kept low especially in the damp and confined condition. This can be considered as a safety precaution for the workers as if they are exposed to the electricity it could lead to a serious problem. Emergency lighting should be appropriately provided in all the areas where the work is in progress as a backup plan. The main consideration of the area should be the escape route and workplaces. Site layout The process of the site layout is very much important. The process should focus on the actual work of the construction starts. The following provisions should be taken into consideration and recorded in a plan, which is known as site layout plan before the actual work starts. Provision of fencing or hoarding should be done were ever it is needed. It should be ensured that the site has a safe access and a good visibility. The use of warning signs should be kept at appropriate places where they can be any sort of danger associated it the working of the workers. It acts as a precaution form any sort of inevitable situation. There should be different area allocated for the purpose of storing, unloading and machinery. The area should not be mixed which would be facilitating appropriate work environment as well as safety. At the conspicuous area, there should be post emergency procedures and notices relating to statuary warning. The positioning of the cranes and the hoist should be appropriate. This is majorly done so that by any means they do not hit the workers who actively work. Welfare facility should be considered to the compounds and the workshops, offices, ventilation arrangement and temporary connections that are related to the utility services. Provision of mobile phones should be done before there is any installation of landline phones. The requirement of the electricity at the work place should be taken into consideration at the first place. This would directly incorporate that the workplace would be having sufficient light and power for other resources to work. The waste disposal can be consideration as another important factor in work place. This would directly involve the health of the workers. The disposal of the waste should be made in a proper way this is mainly done so that it does not reach the common people and harm them. The arrangement and the transportation of the flammable material, fuel and explosive material should be done in an appropriate way The construction area should be accessible form the road so that there are no problem related to transportation of the raw material. This would directly reduce the human labor concept. First aid should be provided within the premises of the construction. This would help in fast and easy first aid for the workers when they need it. When working in heights it should be seen that the edges are kept covered so that the workers do not fall of. There are many situation were the workers fall from height and even lose their life. Employers responsibility Employers should be corporative with their own employers and other person related in the aspect in the process of complying with the legislation for safety and its guidelines. There are different guidelines and framework, which are formed for the purpose of safety, but the aspects, should be the responsibility of the individual to follow and implement them. These processes should be done in a way, which does not possess any sort of danger to themselves and other persons. Security of workers should be given a highest propriety as it is related to the safety of the workers and this would affect the working of the overall project as well. In most of the cases it is seen when the safety aspects are met properly and followed the project should follows some pre fixed estimation and reach the final goal (Wasilkiewicz, Albrechtsen and Antonsen 2016). Basic rules of safety Tidy up construction site The passages in the work place should always be kept clear. This is mainly done so that the workers can work in a proper way without any problem involved into it. The sorting of the material should be done and the piling of the safety measures should be done. The stacks in the work place should not be very much high The floor ending should be kept aware of. They should be covered and fenced properly so that the workers do not fall of them and injure them. The refuse should be removed as much as possible. The lightening at the work place should be done in an appropriate manner so that there are no place were light are missing and are dark The firefighting equipment should be provided at regular interval so that in time of problem there is no shortage of it. Safety measures Before operation of nay machine, it should be seen that the dangerous part are covered with safety covers so that they do not harm the workers. Working in area were there not sufficient lighting should be avoided this is mainly done to avoid any unsuitable conditions or danger in the workplace. During working the workers should be well aware of what work is going around them. This ensures that no moveable machine hurt them in the process of working. The use of chemical during the work should be done with precaution measures involved into it. Personal safety Protective equipment should be used during working The worker should not get involved in any sort of drinking or taking drugs during the working. Every worker should consider the personal hygiene factor. When hygiene is taken into consideration it would directly impact the safety and the health of the workers. The superiors should be reported if there are any situation of unsafe condition are noticed. After the identification of the problem should be solved as soon as possible so that no harm is done to anyone. The noise level should be kept under control. The following tables states the permissible noise exposure that should be followed by the workers during their working. Sound level dB(A) Duration per day (Hourly) 90 8 92 ( air compressor) 5 95 (air drill) 2.5 97 1.6 100 (machine shop) 0.8 105 ( circular saw) 0.25 115 (diesel engine) 0.025 The sound aspect can lead to major injury to the workers. In many construction site the noise factor should be taken care of so that the health of the workers as well as the people involved around the construction site are not affected. This is a problem, which can be taken care of quite easily by following few safety aspects, which may involve use of modern machinery for the process of cutting. Most of the time the safety aspects are ignored due to the budget aspect which result in severe accidents which can also impact the overall working of the project. Conclusion The report can be concluded on a note that the in construction industry the factor if safety play a very vital role. There are different laws, which are formed by government in order to reinforce the security and the safety at work place. The workers who work in the construction site should have a basic idea of the security aspects, which they should take into consideration while working in work sites. There many type of struggle, which is forced by the people in charge to incorporate the safety factor in work places. The training sector comes into play in this scenario. The workers have to be given some minimum training so that they can face the problem if they arise and take good decision to resolve the problem. There are various factors which play a vital role in the aspect of security in work place for example fire, injury form machinery etc. it can be stated here that in a recent survey the loss of life the construction industry due to lack of precaution or safety measures are t remendously high as compared to working in order industry. Many times due to budget, constraints the security aspect is neglected which can lead to major problem if there is any sort of problem. Negligence in the sector of safety should not be done at any time because this can effect life of a worker. The construction industry should also take into consideration the aspect of keeping the environment clean. This would be also beneficial in a way of keeping the health condition of the workers well. One of the important factor, which can be stated, is that the disposal of the waste should be done in a appropriate way. At the end, the safety of person should be the concern of himself only. The precaution and the aspects of safety though formed but should be implemented by the people in order to make the industry, which is related to the construction safer. Safety precaution when taken into consideration would be beneficial form the point of view of the workers as well as the people who are involved in and around the work place. References Abdul-Rahman, H., Wang, C. and Sheik Mohamad, F., 2015. Implementation of risk management in malaysian construction industry: case studies.Journal of Construction Engineering,2015. ang, B.G., Zhao, X. and Toh, L.P., 2014. Risk management in small construction projects in Singapore: Status, barriers and impact.International Journal of Project Management,32(1), pp.116-124. Chileshe, N. and John Kikwasi, G., 2014. Critical success factors for implementation of risk assessment and management practices within the Tanzanian construction industry.Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management,21(3), pp.291-319. Doran, C.M., Ling, R., Gullestrup, J., Swannell, S. and Milner, A., 2015. The impact of a suicide prevention strategy on reducing the economic cost of suicide in the New South Wales construction industry.Crisis. Dziadosz, A. and Ko?czak, A., 2016. Review of selected methods of supporting decision-making process in the construction industry.Archives of Civil Engineering,62(1), pp.111-126. Forcael, E., Morales, H., Agdas, D., Rodriguez, C.R. and Leon, C., 2017. Risk identification in the Chilean tunneling industry.Engineering Management Journal. G?adysz, B., Skorupka, D., Kuchta, D. and Duchaczek, A., 2015. Project risk time managementa proposed model and a case study in the construction industry.Procedia Computer Science,64, pp.24-31. Pinto, A., 2014. QRAM a Qualitative Occupational Safety Risk Assessment Model for the construction industry that incorporate uncertainties by the use of fuzzy sets.Safety Science,63, pp.57-76. Reddy, A.S., 2015. Risk Management in Construction Industry-A Case Study.International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology,4(10). Rostami, A., Sommerville, J., Wong, I.L. and Lee, C., 2015. Risk management implementation in small and medium enterprises in the UK construction industry.Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management,22(1), pp.91-107. Smit, L., Timmerman, J., Heederik, D., Spee, T., Van Rooy, F., Krop, E., Koppelman, G. and Rustemeyer, T., 2015. Contact dermatitis and respiratory symptoms in the construction industry: The role of filaggrin gene variants. Smol, M., Kulczycka, J., Henclik, A., Gorazda, K. and Wzorek, Z., 2015. The possible use of sewage sludge ash (SSA) in the construction industry as a way towards a circular economy.Journal of Cleaner Production,95, pp.45-54. Sousa, V., Almeida, N.M. and Dias, L.A., 2014. Risk-based management of occupational safety and health in the construction industryPart 1: Background knowledge.Safety Science,66, pp.75-86. Taroun, A., 2014. Towards a better modelling and assessment of construction risk: Insights from a literature review.International Journal of Project Management,32(1), pp.101-115. Timmerman, J.G., Heederik, D., Spee, T., Rooy, F.G., Krop, E.J.M., Koppelman, G.H., Rustemeyer, T. and Smit, L.A.M., 2016. Contact dermatitis in the construction industry: the role of filaggrin loss?of?function mutations.British Journal of Dermatology,174(2), pp.348-355. Wasilkiewicz, K., Albrechtsen, E. and Antonsen, S., 2016. Occupational safety in a globalized construction industry: a study on Polish workers in Norway.Policy and Practice in Health and Safety,14(2), pp.128-143. Zhou, Z., Goh, Y.M. and Li, Q., 2015. Overview and analysis of safety management studies in the construction industry.Safety science,72, pp.33

Consumer Attitude Towards Organic Food

Pro cloning essays

Pro cloning essays Ever since the duplication of Dolly, an adult sheep, the entire idea has become an extremely controversial debate, containing religious, ethical, and legal issues. Adoring the dispute, the media has portrayed only the disadvantages and "cruelties" of cloning. However, if deeper research and perception is "put to work", you will soon discover that this process can and will amplify society, advance our technology, and perhaps even salvage our diminishing Earth. There's no doubt that children enhance civilization, bring delight and fulfillment, and are spontaneous and creative. For some, they are the precious bond that holds families together, for others they are a source of frustration; nevertheless, we are lovable. Yet what of a couple that cannot reproduce? Should the government deprive them of such a wonderful gift that was meant for all? Of course, adoption is an option, but you wouldn't feel the same compassion that you would toward your own biological child, because they are your own flesh and blood. The clone would not be a "carbon copy", as some pessimists like to believe, but rather a "delayed identical twin". To believe otherwise is to accept the theory of genetic determinism, which has been proven incorrect by biologists as they increase their knowledge of genes by further examination. Your genes only play a very simple role, perhaps your eye color and height; the environmental factor however, has an immense influence on our pe rsonality, so the clone would be an individual, and not an automaton. Afflictions have affected much of our population, and for most diseases, we have no antidote. Say that you needed a bone marrow transplant, without it, you'd die, and there are no donors available. Why not extract some of your cells and create a clone? As Cassie brought out in our discussion group, "it's just like abortion. If there's a doctor willing to perform the operation, then what's stopping them? Many groups are protestin...

Psychosocial Needs of Patients Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Psychosocial Needs of Patients - Essay Example This means the illness-associated events that create problem through the patient's perception and responses may lead to care needs of addressing unmet psychosocial needs in order to ensure healing. In this assignment, I will discuss and critically analyse a care incident delivered by me to a patient. I was assigned the care of the patient in my placement in a hospital ward. This assignment will frequently refer to this patient, whose identity will remain undisclosed throughout this work. Thus, this patient will be referred to anonymously, although to facilitate ease of discussion, a pseudonym, Mrs. Jennings, will be used to address her. This requirement of confidentiality and identity nondisclosure is an ethical requirement in healthcare associated professional and academic documentation as prescribed and required by NMC (Nursing and Midwifery Council) guidelines, competency standards, and practice ethical standpoints to respect the client confidentiality (NMC, 2008). As suggested this assignment would very closely examine the episode of care provided by me from the psychosocial angles, mainly to see if the care provided by me during her hospitalization took adequate care of t he psychological and social needs of this patient. These can be examined more closely from the policy perspectives of the need for adding psychosocial elements in care. Therefore, relevant policy will also be examined in order to justify conformity in practice. Definitions Haralambose and Holborn (2008) defined sociology to be a science involving study of human being in the context of society where impact of relevant economics, psychology, and demography is given due consideration in the endeavour to explain and understand the human behaviour in the societal scenario. From that point of view, sociology is a broad discipline where various methods of empirical investigations and critical analyses are deployed to define a body of knowledge and theory about human and social activities, with a goal often being application of such knowledge in the pursuit of social welfare (Haralambos and Holborn, 2008). On the other hand, psychology has been defined by Michael (1998) to be a discipline that studies mind and behaviour of individuals in different life contexts which also seeks to understand and explain thought, emotion and behaviour (Michael, 1998) in response to different experiences that they encounter. Main Body Psychological and social factors have been known to play important roles in initiation and progression of any disease process. As a care provider, the nurse must understand their nature and intensity. Since these are known to affect motivation, these will affect the outcome of care. Longstanding suffering or advanced illnesses disturb the psychosocial milieu sufficiently so the patient may be disturbed motivationally. These could cause psychological maladjustment and affect the course of the disease in a profoundly negative way. A thorough assessment of these situations and the factors is therefore necessary, and being in a position of provider of care the nurse must assess these factors keeping the

Organizational Behavior - The Vancouver 2011 Stanley Cup Riots Research Paper

Organizational Behavior - The Vancouver 2011 Stanley Cup Riots - Research Paper Example Organizational theories at play One of the organization’s theories that were applicable in the case is the McCleland’s need theory. This is a motivation theory that explains behavior at individual level and reviews â€Å"personality and learnt needs† (Nelson and Quick, 2010, p. 156). McCleland’s theory argues that people’s behaviors and efforts towards achievement are driven by three major needs, â€Å"need for achievement, for power and for affiliation† (Nelson and Quick, 2010, p. 156). The need for achievement relates to individual’s focus to embrace difficulties towards successful realization of objectives. People who are driven by the need to achieve persevere conditions, plan, and influence to make sure that their expectations are met. The need for power on the other hand relates to the need and capacity to influence an individual’s immediate environment. It involves influencing other people to an individual’s contro l. This need is particularly exhibited in planning and running of an event that involve a group’s participation. The need for affiliation is on the other hand concerned with interpersonal relationships among people and entails emotional expressions and interactions among people in a set up (Nelson and Quick, 2010). ... Similarly, the attendants need to achieve their objective of being part of the game witnessed their early and general turn up for the event. Need for power is also explained through the influence that resulted into the riots. This is because only a small number of individuals started the idea of rioting and influenced others into it. Similarly, the need for affiliation is exhibited by the initiatives of the individual attendants to be involved in the social event, the hokey game. The need was further manifested in the association with the individuals who caused the riots. The other individuals must have been driven by the need to be part of the already rioting group (Nelson and Quick, 2010; Furlong and Keefe, 2011). Abraham Maslow’s theory of hierarchy of needs is also directly applicable to the event. According to the theory, human needs are hierarchical and are satisfied in order of priority. At the basic level of the Maslow’s hierarchy is a set of physiological needs that are prioritized. These include basic needs for survival and are followed by security needs. Subsequently, â€Å"belongingness needs and esteem needs† follow (Daft and Lane, 2007, p. 230). The need for belongingness drives people to being part of groups while the need for self esteem facilitate strife for recognized status of influence in the society. While the need for belongingness was exhibited by the crowds who turned up for the sports event and those that later joined in the riots, either actively as demonstrators or partially as spectators, the need for self esteem was registered among the individuals who organized and fuelled the riots. The latter group must have had a combination of needs to be recognized by the peers as influential and need to achieve (Daft and

Document Based Quesiton (AP World History) Essay

Document Based Quesiton (AP World History) - Essay Example In 2002, then US Treasury Secretary Paul O’Neill claims that the World Bank gave Africa $300 million in loans (as reported by BBC news, 28 May 2002). This staggering amount is just part of the reason why the countries of South Africa have accumulated so much debt. One should simply realize that the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), while being international financial institutions, are actually largely controlled by the government of rich countries, like US and Britain (Africa Action website, 2005). While these creditors do provide aid and new loans to Africa, the hapless people of the region are forced to pay more money to them in a vicious cycle of debt. Thus, these creditors are able to wield significant influences over Africa’s economy and the region’s future. It is thus no great wonder why, despite these huge foreign debt, Africa barely has enough to properly supply its people with basic commodities such as food and clean water (O’Neill, 2002). To add insult to obvious injury, Africa is simply up to its neck in epidemic diseases, with AIDS being a major health concern of many countries in the continent. Information from UNAIDS (2000) signify that a great majority of the country is infected, thus resulting to more than 11 million children orphaned by AIDS and an equally significant amount being infected by the disease (UN, 2004). Perhaps the saddest point of this issue is the fact that amidst all these problems, civil unrest still pervade the region (Copson, Africa’s Wars and Prospects for Peace). While children are being orphaned by AIDS, parents lose their children to the never ending wars in the continent, as children are being recruited to serve either as soldiers or perform noncombatant roles both for the government and for the rebels (Amnesty International, 2005). The good thing that may be coming out of all these is that the rest of the world does not just sit back and watch Africa suffer

Literature on Working Capital Management and Profitability

Literature on Working Capital Management and Profitability Regarding the research of working capital management and profitability. This chapter consists of literature review of different researchers and their studies findings in accordance to the region their studies are based on. I will start with the region of United States of American and followed by the European countries. Studies from other countries not included in the aforementioned regions will be described in the following topic. This chapter ends with a table summarizing the findings of different authors from this literature review. Variables Description Average Collection Period on Profitability In an article wrote by Milling (1991, p. 48), he mentioned that: Average collection period measures the time that a firms average sales dollar remains outstanding as an account receivable. Average collection period is formulated by dividing accounts receivable by sales and multiplying by the number of days in a year (365). It is the average number of days which a firm manages to collect its outstanding debts from customers (Garcia-Teruel Martinez-Solano, 2007). According to Lazaridis and Tryfonidis (2006), acerage collection period is one of the components to measure the cash conversion cycle which is manageable to maximize the profitability and improve firms growth. In Raheman and Nasr (2007) research adaptation, the correlation analysis between average collection period and net operating profitability shows a negative coefficient. This means that if the average collection period increases, it will lower the profits in return. However, the Pearsons correlation proved there is a strong positive relationship between average collection period and cash conversion cycle. Most profitable firms are observed to have a shorter period of collection period (Deloof, 2003). These same firms a re also larger in size, have higher sales growth and lower debt fin ancing. Further research done by Garcia-Teruel and Martinez-Solano (2007) had its result consistent with Deloof (2003) finding. They had agreed that elongate the deadlines for customers to repay their payments may project greater payment facilities, but would negatively affect the profitability of a firm. Sales may also be increased due to the leniency of firms collection policy. To increase corporate value, a high quality accounts receivable portfolio could be created, safeguarded and realized through effective credit management. This is due to heavy investments in accounts receivable by larger corporations. Hence, Pike and Cheng (2001) felt it is important to control the credit management policy and practices choices in order to maximize value. The lower the investments placed on accounts receivable, the more reduction in interest costs, hence, a respectable increase in earnings (Milling, 1991). Besides that, there is a close relationship between sales growth and the level of current assets (Kim, Rowland Kim, 1992). The example given was that the increment in credit sales will lead to higher inventories and accounts receivable. It is unavoidable to invest in current assets in that matter. According to Deloof (2003, p.584): An alternative explanation for the negative relation between accounts receivable and profitability could be that customers want more time to assess the quality of products they buy from firms with declining profitability. Schwartz (1974) debated that firms that are able to obtain funds at lower cost would offer trade credit to firms facing higher financing cost through finance-based models. Emery (1984) was able to conclude that investments in trade credit are a much better option for short-term investment than market securities. The advantage of trade credit can be spontaneous and exist without formalities, but the limitation is that it is available for goods and services only (Hossain Akon, 1997). Inventory Turnover on Profitability Zero inventory and Just-in-time manufacturing had been a popular inventory management practices (Reynolds, 1999). In much simpler terminology, inventory turnover means the cycle of using and replenishing goods. According to Reynolds (1999), inventory turnover analysis has major importance because inventory management directly impact operations profitability. This analysis serves as a measure of firms efficiency and profitability. Inventory turnover analysis can assist financial managers in recognizing problems and can help reduce associated costs. Average Payment Period on Profitability Companies of different sizes (small, medium and large) are now taking longer time period to repay their debts (Anonymous, 2005). The same author also mentioned that was affected due to larger companies imposing longer payment terms on their suppliers, who are usually not in a position to choose. Companies in a lower part of the chain would face cash flow problems as companies on the upper chain wait for payment before they pay their suppliers. Cash Conversion Cycle on Profitability The cash conversion cycle is able to capture the impact of an effective working capital management policy, which are due to the effects from turnover of receivables, inventories and payables. The function of cash conversion cycle is defined by Jose, Lancaster and Stevens (1996, p.34): The CCC measures the time between cash outlays for resources and cash receipts from product sales. The CCC is dynamic in the sense it combines both balance sheet and income statement data to create a measure with a time dimension. Richards and Laughlin (1980) consequently operated this concept by measuring the number of days funds are committed to receivables and inventories and less the number of days payments are deferred to suppliers. Shin and Soenan (1998) are able to prove a strong correlation between cash conversion cycle and profitability. Even so, they used a substitute of cash conversion cycle called the net trading cycle. Using this cash conversion cycle, also known as cash-to-cash (C2C), companies could establish a point of reference for inter-firm comparisons. Besides improving profits earned, companies could obtain overall efficiencies and balance supply chain operations (Hutchison, Farris II Anders, 2007). Regional United States of America According to a research done by Kim, Rowland and Kim (1992), it was about the implications of working capital management practices by Japanese manufacturers in the US. This study is to determine the objectives of working capital management by Japanese manufacturers in US and to identify options for funding. As Japans foreign direct investment in the business expansion of US has increased rapidly, therefore, it is important to manage the firms working capital well. International working capital management has significant importance as total assets and liabilities of multinational corporations consist of current assets and short-term liabilities. There are few differences in financial structure between the US companies and Japanese manufacturers: Japanese firms rely more on banks short-term debt. Japanese firms project a lower level of net working capital. Japanese firms operate with about half as much equity as US firms. Japanese firms hold twice as much in long-term investments as US firms. Japanese firms reported lower inventory level; more accounts receivables and twice as much cash as US firms. Questionnaires were sent out to Japanese manufacturing companies operating in US. Executives from these Japanese-owned firms perform this survey to determine the companys working capital policies and practices. The data reverted back to researchers show that Japanese firms rated the most important objective of working capital management is to be providing current assets and liabilities in support of anticipated sales, while minimizing investments in current assets being the least important. Moreover, most of their short-term financing were sources from Japanese banks. In 1996, Jose, Lancaster and Stevens performed a research on the relationship of corporate returns and cash conversion cycle. This study examined the long-run equilibrium relationship between a measure of ongoing liquidity needs (cash conversion cycle) and measures of profitability. Data collected were from the annual Compustat tapes, which covers the twenty-year period starting from year 1974 to 1993. There are altogether 2,718 firms which have complete data required. The variables were tested using nonparametric and multiple regression analysis, with the industry and size variable controlled. Richards and Laughlin (1980) and Emery (1984) had noted the constraints of using traditional financial ratios and believed in the liquidity management measures to reflect the ability of firms meeting their short-term financial obligations. Return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) measures are also included in this study to separate asset management and financing influence. Jose, Lancaster and Stevens concluded that there are key findings for ROA and ROE. These ass et management returns and levered returns revealed an increase in performance and benefits. Shin and Soenan (1998) did a study to test the efficiency of working capital management to create profitability. They used a Compustat sample of 58,985 firms covering the period 1975 1994. The relationship between the length of net trading cycle, corporate profitability and risk-adjusted stock return was examined. Net trading cycle could be computed as below: Net Trading Cycle = (Inventory Turnover + Average Collection Period Average Payment Period) x (365 / Sales) The outcome of the study shows strong negative relation between the length of firms net trade cycle and profitability. They also considered that working capital efficiency increases profitability; there will be a negative relationship between net trading cycle and stock return. The examination of this relationship is done using the correlation and regression analysis, by industry and working capital intensity. In their study, it is mentioned that working capital is a result of the cash conversion cycle. Gentry, Vaidyanathan and Lee (1990) developed the weighted cash conversion cycle, which scales the timing by the amount of funds in each step of the cycle. On the other hand, Deloof (2003) said that this method could not be used due to incompleteness of information available for calculation. Liquidity ratios, such as current ratio and acid-test ratio, could not measure the working capital management efficiently due to reasons that these ratios include calculation of assets which are n ot readily available to be converted into cash and the ratios ignored the timing of cash conversion (Shin Soenan, 1998). In all, maximum working capital efficiency is an essential factor of total corporate strategy to create shareholders value. A research was done on the international working capital of multinational corporations by Dr. Hadley Leavell from Sam Houston State University. His journal was published in 2006. To enhance profitability of multinational corporations, Ricci and Di Vito (2000) suggested reducing the floating costs of time value, losses on outstanding accounts receivables, transaction costs and foreign exchange conversion costs when moving cash between countries. However, the difficulty to overcome regulatory and geographical barriers may lead to a loss of control and payment regulations placed on cross-border cash concentration to maximize profitability. Regional Europe In year 2003, Deloof investigated the relation between working capital management and profitability of a sample 1,009 large Belgian non-financial firms between years 1992 1996. The cash conversion cycle was considered as the comprehensive measure for working capital, whereas gross operating income is the measurement for profits. There is the weighted cash conversion cycle modified by Gentry, Vaidyanathan and Lee in 1990, but was not applied by Deloof because of the limited information availability. Deloof related the correlation and regression analysis to his research to prove that there is a relationship between working capital management and profitability. Another research done in Europe is by Lazaridis and Tryfonidis in year 2006. They investigated the relationship between working capital management and corporate profitability of a sample of 131 companies listed in the Athens Stock Exchange. Data was collected from year 2001 2004. In this research, profitability was measured through gross operating profit and cash conversion cycle. Lazaridis and Tryfonidiss research also established that larger companies are cash-management-focused with more credit sales, which led to cash flow problems. Smaller scale firms are more focused on stock management and credit management. Similar to Deloofs (2003) research, the cash conversion cycle is used to describe the effectiveness of working capital management in this study. Regression analysis used in this research showed a negative relationship between cash conversion cycle and profitability. Garcia-Teruel and Martinez-Solano (2007) were involved in a research to provide evidence about the effects of working capital management towards to profitability of Spanish small and medium-sized (SME) enterprises. Many previous researches are focused on larger form of firms. They collected a sample of over 8, 800 SMEs which covers the year 1996 2002 from the AMADEUS database. The selection was done in accordance to the requirements by Europeans Commissions recommendation on the definition of SMEs. In fact, the current assets and current liabilities of their sample of SMEs proportion is the majority of total assets and liabilities available to the firms. They used the cash conversion cycle to measure the profitability of the firms on their research sample. Their study was supported by Deloof (2003), confirmed that firms can improve profitability by lowering outstanding accounts receivables and payables and inventories. A univariate analysis was conducted to determine differences in variables, followed by a multivariate analysis to determine working capi tal management on corporate profitability. Return on Assets ratio was set as the dependent variable to establish profitability. In the correlation matrix used, they found a negative relationship between their dependent variable (return on assets) with the number of days accounts receivables, days of inventory and days accounts payable. They confirmed that by shortening the cash conversion cycle, firms could improve profitability. Regional Others Hossain and Akon (1997) did a case study on financing working capital of Bangladesh textile mills corporations. This case study covers 40 public sector textile units under the ownership and administration of Bangladesh Textile Mills Corporations. The study covered a period of twelve years from 1982 1993. According to Hossain and Akon, well-known economists believed that current assets should be considered as working capital as the whole of it helps to generate profits. In their study, it shows that a vast amount of short-term finance was used in financing fixed and current assets to the extent of 100 percent. This caused a lower capability to earn profits, but increases the risk of insolvency. The aggressive working capital financing (using short-term funds to finance fixed assets) should be tamed in Bangladesh textile mills corporations to maximize profits, by resorting to long-term funds which are less costly. Methods used to test their hypothesis are through regression analysis and comparing the calculation of financial ratios. Raheman and Nasr (2007) had done a research to prove the relationship between working capital management and profitability of Pakistani firms. A sample of 94 firms listed on Karachi Stock Exchange was selected. Firms are listed for a period of 6 years from 1999 2004. It was mentioned that an excess of current assets could lead to a firm realizing its return on investment. However, it was proven otherwise if firms have a shortage of current assets (Horne Wachowicz, 2000). The measurement of profitability used by Raheman and Nasr is the Net Operating Profitability. They used the regression analysis to assess their hypothesis. Their study includes data of regression analysis of cross-sectional and time-series data. The pooled-regression (constant coefficient models) type of panel data analysis was applied. They believe that increase in the cash conversion cycle would lead to lower profit generation (Shin Soenan, 1998; Deloof, 2003; Lazaridis Tryfonidis, 2006; Garcia-Teruel Martinez-Solano, 2007). Summary of Literature Review Author (Year) Market (Region) Evidence of Findings Kim, Rowland and Kim (1992) Japanese Manufacturers in US (USA) Objective of working capital management is to be providing current assets and liabilities in support of anticipated sales. Jose, Lancaster and Stevens (1996) Compustat (USA) Key findings in asset management returns and levered returns. Shin and Soenan (1998) Compustat (USA) Relationship between the length of net trading cycle, corporate profitability and risk-adjusted stock return. Leavell (2006) Multinational corporations (USA) International working capital and multinational corporations. Deloof (2003) Belgian non-financial firms (Europe) Application of cash conversion cycle. Lazaridis and Tryfonidis (2006) Companies listed on Athens Stock Exchange (Europe) Larger companies are cash-management-focused, Smaller firms are more focused on stock management and credit management. Garcia-Teruel and Martinez-Solano (2007) Spanish SMEs (Europe) Effects of SMEs working capital management towards its profitability. Hossain and Akon (1997) Bangladesh (Asia) Financing Bangladesh textile mills corporations. Raheman and Nasr (2007) Karachi Stock Exchange (Asia) Working capital management of Pakistani firms and its profitability. Table 2.1 Summary of Literature Review Conclusion Working capital is about establishing optimum liquidity position by effectively managing resources invested in day-to-day operations of the business. After studying the journals and researches done, it can be concluded that liquidity and profitability of firms was affected by the components and working capital management measures (accounts receivable, inventory and accounts payable).

Teacher and Student Relationships :: Education Discipline Essays

The teacher student relationship is very important for children. Children spend approximately 5 to 7 hours a day with a teacher for almost 10 months. We ask ourselves what is considered a good teacher? All of us have gone through schooling, and if fortunate had a favorite teacher. A positive relationship between the student and the teacher is difficult to establish, but can be found for both individuals at either end. The qualities for a positive relationship can vary to set a learning experience approachable and inviting the students to learn. A teacher and student who have the qualities of good communications, respect in a classroom, and show interest in teaching from the point of view of the teacher and learning from a student will establish a positive relationship in the classroom. I will be focusing on the relationship between the student and teacher, involving a setting in the primary grades, which I have found second grade to be extremely important for the student to gain a po sitive attitude for their future education. Children have different strategies for learning and achieving their goals. A few students in a classroom will grasp and learn quickly, but at the same time there will be those who have to be repeatedly taught using different techniques for the student to be able to understand the lesson. On the other hand, there are those students who fool around and use school as entertainment. Teaching then becomes difficult, especially if there is no proper communication. Yet, teachers, creating a positive relationship with their students, will not necessarily control of all the disruptive students. The book, Responsible Classroom Discipline written by Vernon F. Jones and Louise Jones discuss how to create a learning environment approachable for children in the elementary schools. According to the Jones, â€Å" Student disruptions will occur frequently in classes that are poorly organized and managed where students are not provided with appropriate and interesting instructional tasks† (101) . The key is, teachers need to continuously monitor the student in order for him or her to be aware of any difficulties the student is having. Understanding the child’s problem, fear, or confusion will give the teacher a better understanding the child’s learning difficulties. Once the teacher becomes aware of the problems, he or she will have more patience with the student, thus making the child feel secure or less confused when learning is taking place in the classroom.

Creation of LEGO

With fourteen and a half billion dollars one may consider to purchase the Lego company right now. The Lego company has played a measure role in the toy industry for about one hundred years. Its innovations include famous playsets, minifigures, video games, and world renown stores located all over the world. Those thing would never have been fathomable without the famous Lego creator Ole Kirk Christiansen who born in the remote town of Filskovand, Denmark. Ole Kirk Christiansen came into this world during the year of 1891 and was the tenth child of the family. He had completed high school education even though he grew up moderately poor. When he was 14 he became an understudy to his brother in Denmark. This background had made Ole Kirk Christiansen a modest and determined individual who found that his idea was destined for greatness. The word â€Å"LEGO† means to play well. He started to call his company â€Å"LEGO† in nineteen thirty-four after he began making wooden toys in nineteen thirty-four. He officially started to make its plastic interlocking blocks in nineteen forty-nine. It is still possible that a 1958 Lego piece are still compatible with today's pieces. Over the past fifty years the Lego company has created over 400 billion blocks and the company was inducted in the National Toy Hall of Fame. These awards has made the Lego company a prestigious brand.Since plastic is a non-renewable resource and a major economic friendly agenda was being pushed in the mid two-thousands, the Lego group was forced to reduce the percentage of plastic used in their product and their carbon footprint. It is well know that the famous company almost went bankrupt due to their wasteful habits. The concept of lean manufacturing and a special software connected all of their factories around the world and helped the company achieve their slogan.†Only the best is good enough† is a slogan created by the founder Ole Kirk Christiansen. This motto came to fruition in nineteen thirty-six when he only had approximately ten employees. This motto is still used today and a significant impact on the way the company runs to this day. During the nineteen forties the Lego company was relatively small but showed minor improvements such as the introduction to colored blocks. Ole Kirk Christiansen had introduced the company to his son at the age of twelve. During this time, Lego had improved the amount of employees to fifty, introduced the game of tiddlywinks, and he bought the revolution plastic injection molding machine.During the fifties the company tried to push its products out to young children which was their target sales group. Ole Kirk Christiansen promoted his son the Vice President when he turned thirty. The company promoted their first major playset that consisted of eight creatable vehicles. The company also showed some signs of innovation by using wood and plastic as a basis of all of their products.The nineteen sixties was the coming out moment coming out moment for the company. Legoland was introduced and the production of wooden toys was dismantled due to massive fire that destroyed the company's toys. Legoland promoted three thousand visiter on the first day. In nineteen sixty-nine Lego cars were being made with a small amount of polyvinyl chloride along with plastic. The famous company started to expand globally to countries such as Italy, Finland, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Morocco. During this time, between eighteen and nineteen millions toy sets were currently being sold per year.During the seventies the company had almost one thousand employees. Lego promoted its toys exclusively to girls with their renown playhouses. Still to this day Lego tries to incorporate female characteristics to influence girls to purchase Lego products. The company's banner transformed their logo from an older to a more modern banner. Many of the customers can also see that the seventies are the first decade that directly relates to the companies expansion globally.Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen was appointed to be the Chief Executive Officer and the company's president during nineteen seventy-nine. He is the grandson of Ole Kirk Christiansen and is worth five point five billion dollars. He led the company into its â€Å"golden age†. You may ask why I called this time period a golden age. The answer can be explained as quite simple. This time period had created approximately five thousand employees and promoted a great amount of collaboration of many universities such as M.I.T. This time period was also important because Ole Kirk Christiansen was inducted in the forever-famous National Toy Hall of Fame. In Europe the massive boom of Legos was proven true when a survey of the traditional household proved that seventy percent of households with a child less than fourteen years old owned a Lego playset.Nineteen nineties was a decade of reconstruction throughout the whole company. Officially eight thousand eight hundred and eighty people are employed under the companies record. The world renown company was officially labeled a top ten company during this decade. I believe that the real reason why this company underwent reconstruction is because of the fact that this is the first digital decade. The nineties promoted technological advancement towards the youth since smartphone were being used more and more often. Kids had other opportunities than to stay at home and play with their toys. This decade also proved that the toys were a choking hazard after a major recall of their toys since it was possible for it to get lodged in ones throat if they were incompetent. A positive benefit of the digital age is the idea of online shopping. This idea is capitalized in nineteen ninety-nine. The two-thousands were crucial to the history of the Lego company. In two thousand and nine the company celebrated its fiftieth anniversary and Kjeld Kirk Kristiansen was introduced into the renown National Toy Hall of Fame. Two thousand and seventeen was a challenging year for the famous company. They did not experience a lot of growth as a company and lost revenue in North America and Europe. This could be a major warning sign that the Lego company may need to adapt to the ever changing technological change. Many kids are now playing on their smartphones instead of building or playing with toys. The Chief Executive Officer of the Lego Group has inferred that there is a possibility that the company may tap into the virtual world of artificial gaming and artificial intelligence The Lego company also expanded their outreach on kids with televisions shows, series, and movies. The Lego Movie, the first-ever, full-length theatrical Lego adventure, directed by Phil Lord ; Christopher Miller is an 3D computer animated story that follows Emmet, an ordinary, rules-following, perfectly average LEGO minifigure who is mistakenly identified as the most extraordinary person and the key to saving the world. He is drafted into a fellowship of strangers on an epic quest to stop an evil tyrant, a journey for which Emmet is hopelessly and hilariously underprepared. (Warner) Many famous historical interpretations have been recreated by the use of Lego blocks. Events such as the cherry blossoming in Japan have arranged so that many pieces are used to create that. The Lego company has massively evolved from dealing with a few section of colors, to being able to maximize the whole color spectrum in order to capture their true excellence in toy manufacturing.

Amerigo Vespucci, Italian Explorer and Cartographer

Amerigo Vespucci, Italian Explorer and Cartographer Amerigo Vespucci (March 9, 1454–February 22, 1512) was an Italian explorer and cartographer. In the early 16th century, he showed that the New World was not part of Asia but was, in fact, its own distinct area. The Americas take their name from the Latin form of Amerigo. Fast Facts: Amerigo Vespucci Known For: Vespuccis expeditions led him to the realization that the New World was distinct from Asia; the Americas were named after him.Born: March 9, 1454 in Florence, ItalyParents: Ser Nastagio Vespucci and Lisabetta MiniDied: February 22, 1512 in Seville, SpainSpouse: Maria Cerezo Early Life Amerigo Vespucci was born on March 9, 1454, to a prominent family in Florence, Italy. As a young man, he read widely and collected books and maps. He eventually began working for local bankers and was sent to Spain in 1492 to look after his employers business interests. While he was in Spain, Vespucci had the chance to meet Christopher Columbus, who had just returned from his voyage to America; the meeting increased Vespuccis interest in taking a journey across the Atlantic. He soon began working on ships, and he went on his first expedition in 1497. The Spanish ships passed through the West Indies, reached South America, and returned to Spain the following year. In 1499, Vespucci went on his second voyage, this time as an official navigator. The expedition reached the mouth of the Amazon River and explored the coast of South America. Vespucci was able to calculate how far west he had traveled by observing the conjunction of Mars and the Moon. The New World On his third voyage in 1501, Vespucci sailed under the Portuguese flag. After leaving Lisbon, it took Vespucci 64 days to cross the Atlantic Ocean due to light winds. His ships followed the South American coast to within 400 miles of the southern tip, Tierra del Fuego. Along the way, the Portuguese sailors in charge of the voyage asked Vespucci to take over as commander. While he was on this expedition, Vespucci wrote two letters to a friend in Europe. He described his travels and was the first to identify the New World of North and South America as a separate landmass from Asia. (Christopher Columbus mistakenly believed he had reached Asia.) In one letter, dated March (or April) 1503, Vespucci described the diversity of life on the new continent: We knew that land to be a continent, and not an island, from its long beaches extending without trending round, the infinite number of inhabitants, the numerous tribes and peoples, the numerous kinds of wild animals unknown in our country, and many others never seen before by us, touching which it would take long to make reference. In his writings, Vespucci also described the culture of the indigenous people, focusing on their diet, religion, and- what made these letters very popular- their sexual, marriage, and childbirth practices. The letters were published in many languages and were distributed across Europe (they sold much better than Columbuss own diaries). Vespuccis descriptions of the natives were vivid and frank: They are people gentle and tractable, and all of both sexes go naked, not covering any part of their bodies, just as they came from their mothers’ wombs, and so they go until their deaths...They are of a free and good-looking expression of countenance, which they themselves destroy by boring the nostrils and lips, the nose and ears...They stop up these perforations with blue stones, bits of marble, of crystal, or very fine alabaster, also with very white bones and other things. Vespucci also described the richness of the land, and hinted that the region could be easily exploited for its valuable raw materials, including gold and pearls: The land is very fertile, abounding in many hills and valleys, and in large rivers, and is irrigated by very refreshing springs. It is covered with extensive and dense forests...No kind of metal has been found except gold, in which the country abounds, though we have brought none back in this our first navigation. The natives, however, assured us that there was an immense quantity of gold underground, and nothing was to be had from them for a price. Pearls abound, as I wrote to you. Scholars are not certain whether or not Vespucci participated in a fourth voyage to the Americas in 1503. If he did, there is little record of it, and we can assume the expedition was not very successful. Nevertheless, Vespucci did assist in the planning of other voyages to the New World. European colonization of this region accelerated in the years after Vespuccis voyages, resulting in settlements in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. The Italian explorers work played an important role in helping colonizers navigate the territory. Death Vespucci was named pilot-major of Spain in 1508. He was proud of this accomplishment, writing that I was more skillful than all the shipmates of the whole world. Vespucci contracted malaria and died in Spain in 1512 at the age of 57. Legacy The German clergyman-scholar Martin Waldseemà ¼ller liked to make up names. He even created his own last name by combining the words for wood, lake, and mill. Waldseemà ¼ller was working on a contemporary world map in 1507, based on the Greek geography of Ptolemy, and he had read of Vespuccis travels and knew that the New World was indeed two continents. In honor of Vespuccis discovery of this portion of the world, Waldseemà ¼ller printed a wood block map (called Carta Mariana) with the name America spread across the southern continent of the New World. Waldseemà ¼ller sold 1,000 copies of the map across Europe. Within a few years, Waldseemà ¼ller had changed his mind about the name for the New World- but it was too late. The name America had stuck. Gerardus Mercators world map of 1538 was the first to include North America and South America. Vespuccis legacy lives on through the continents named in his honor. Sources Fernndez-Armesto Felipe. Amerigo: the Man Who Gave His Name to America. Random House, 2008.Vespucci, Amerigo. â€Å"The Letters of Amerigo Vespucci.† Early Americas Digital Archive (EADA).

Learn Ten Facts About Washington, D.C.

Learn Ten Facts About Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C., officially called the District of Columbia, is the capital of the United States. It was founded on July 16, 1790, and today has a city population of 599,657 (2009 estimate) and an area of 68 square miles (177 sq km). It should be noted, however, that during the week, Washington, D.C.s population rises to well over one million people due to suburban commuters. The population of the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area was 5.4 million people as of 2009. Washington, D.C. is home to all three branches of the U.S. government as well as many international organizations and the embassies of 174 foreign nations. In addition to being the center of U.S. government, Washington, D.C. is known for its history, many historic national monuments and famous museums like the Smithsonian Institution. The following is a list of ten important things to know about Washington, D.C. Inhabited by the Nacotchtank Tribe of Native Americans When Europeans first arrived in what is present-day Washington, D.C. in the 17th century the area was inhabited by the Nacotchtank tribe of Native Americans. By the 18th century though, Europeans had relocated the tribe and the region was becoming developed. In 1749, Alexandria, Virginia was founded and in 1751, the Province of Maryland chartered Georgetown along the Potomac River. Eventually, both were included in the original Washington, D.C. District. The Residence Act In 1788, James Madison stated that the new U.S. nation would need a capital that was distinct from the states. Shortly thereafter, Article I of the U.S Constitution stated that a district, separate from the states, would become the seat of government. On July 16, 1790, the Residence Act established that this capital district would be located along the Potomac River and President George Washington would decide exactly where. The Organic Act Officially Organized the District of Columbia Initially, Washington, D.C. was a square and measured ten miles (16 km) on each side. First, a federal city was constructed near Georgetown and on September 9, 1791, the city was named Washington and the newly established federal district was named Columbia. In 1801, the Organic Act officially organized the District of Columbia and it was expanded to include Washington, Georgetown, and Alexandria. The War of 1812 In August 1814, Washington, D.C. was attacked by British forces during the War of 1812 and the Capitol, Treasury and White House were all burned. They were quickly repaired however and governmental operations resumed. In 1846, Washington, D.C. lost some of its area when Congress returned all District territory south of the Potomac back to the Commonwealth of Virginia. The Organic Act of 1871 then combined the City of Washington, Georgetown and Washington County into a single entity known as the District of Columbia. This is the region that became known as todays Washington, D.C. Washington D.C. Is Still Considered Separate Today, Washington, D.C. is still considered separate from its neighboring states (Virginia and Maryland) and it is governed by a mayor and a city council. The U.S. Congress, however, has the highest authority over the area and it can overturn local laws if necessary. In addition, residents of Washington, D.C. were not allowed to vote in presidential elections until 1961. Washington, D.C. also has a non-voting Congressional delegate but it does not have any senators. Economy Focused on Service and Government Jobs Washington, D.C. currently has a large growing economy that is mainly focused on the service sector and government jobs. According to Wikipedia, in 2008, federal government jobs made up 27% of the jobs in Washington, D.C. In addition to government jobs, Washington, D.C. also has industries related to education, finance, and research. D.C. Is 68 Square Miles The total area of Washington, D.C. today is 68 square miles (177 sq km) - all of which formerly belonged to Maryland. The area is surrounded by Maryland on three sides and Virginia to the south. The highest point in Washington, D.C. is Point Reno at 409 feet (125 m) and it is located in the Tenleytown neighborhood. Much of Washington, D.C. is parkland and the district was highly planned during its initial construction. Washington, D.C. is divided into four quadrants: the Northwest, Northeast, Southeast, and Southwest. Each quadrant radiates out from the Capitol building. The Climate Is Humid Subtropical The climate of Washington, D.C. is considered humid subtropical. It has cold winters with average snowfall at about 14.7 inches (37 cm) and hot, humid summers. The average January low temperature is 27.3ËšF (-3ËšC) while the average July high is 88ËšF (31ËšC). The Population Distribution As of 2007, Washington, D.C. had a population distribution of 56% African American, 36% White, 3% Asian and 5% other. The district has had a significant population of African Americans since its founding largely because of the freeing of slaves in the southern states following the American Revolution. Recently, however, the percentage of African Americans has been declining in Washington, D.C. as more of the population moves to the suburbs. Cultural Center of the U.S. Washington, D.C. is considered a cultural center of the U.S. because of its many National Historic Landmarks, museums and historic places such as the Capitol and White House. Washington, D.C. is home to the National Mall which is a large park within the city and it contains museums like the Smithsonian and the National Museum of Natural History. The Washington Monument is located on the west end of the National Mall. Sources: Wikipedia.org. (5 October 2010). Washington Monument - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_MonumentWikipedia.org. (30 September 2010). Washington, D.C. - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C.

Inflation in Zimbabwe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Inflation in Zimbabwe - Essay Example These are permanent dollarization, joining the Common Monetary Area membership, usage of its dollar as the only legal tender and employment of variable regimes. However, in its conclusion and recommendation, the brief singles out joining of the CMA as the best choice for Zimbabwe to permanently curb its inflation. Situation brief When Zimbabwe attained independence in 1980, its dollar’s worth averaged $1.25 (Kramarenko et al. 2010). Over time, inflation rose steadily under the presidency of Robert Mugabe until towards the end of the 1990s when the confiscation of land from White settlers had negatively affected food production (Coomer & Gstraunthaler 2011). With the seizing of these commercial farms, foreign investors fled away leading to halting of manufacturing and reducing the supply of foreign currency needed for importation of goods. Tax revenue also reduced drastically. In order to ensure that the government funded its debts, the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe increased its pr inting of currency causing a rise in inflation to triple digits as of 2001. ... Wines (2006) referred to this as one of the world’s highest inflation. As of July 2008, Zimbabwe was suffering a high inflation at 231 million percent per year. President Robert Mugabe employed various strategies so as to bring this inflation into control. The economy was turned over to the president’s closest allies in the National Security Council. Intelligence officers and loyal army officers were used in controlling key functions including tax collection and food security. Key supporters of the president had their salaries increased drastically to cushion them from the effects of the inflation with the central bank printing more notes. This instead led to hyperinflation due to the circulation of too many worthless Zimbabwean dollars. By November 2005, the inflation stood at 400% which edged in January 2006 to over 600% (Wines 2006). By June 2008, this was at 11.2 million percent per year and kept increasing in the subsequent months to over 231 million percent in 200 8 (Berger 2008). In January 2009, the 100 trillion Zimbabwean dollar note worth $30 was introduced into the circulation (Pindiriri 2012). The US dollar exchanged for Z$180 officially but fetched Z$8,000 in the black market. This was further worsened by the deadlock that existed between the Zanu-PF party of Robert Mugabe and the Movement for Democratic Change, the opposition. The closest Zimbabwe came to finding a solution was with the dollarization in February 2009 where authorities allowed for trade with five different currencies, though the US dollar became the principal (Pindiriri 2012). The use of the Zimbabwean dollar was discontinued. But this was considered as a short term measure that would not give a permanent solution to the problem of inflation in Zimbabwe. Therefore, the